Clearance Pathways and Tumor Targeting of Imaging Nanoparticles

A basic understanding of how imaging nanoparticles are removed from the normal organs/tissues but retained in the tumors is important for their future clinical applications in early cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we discuss current understandings of clearance pathways and tumor target...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:ACS nano 2015-07, Vol.9 (7), p.6655-6674
Main Authors: Yu, Mengxiao, Zheng, Jie
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Clearances
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Imaging - methods
Humans
Imaging
Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles - chemistry
Nanoparticles - metabolism
Nanostructure
Neoplasms - diagnosis
Pathways
Permeability
Renal Elimination
Tumors
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Summary:A basic understanding of how imaging nanoparticles are removed from the normal organs/tissues but retained in the tumors is important for their future clinical applications in early cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we discuss current understandings of clearance pathways and tumor targeting of small-molecule- and inorganic-nanoparticle-based imaging probes with an emphasis on molecular nanoprobes, a class of inorganic nanoprobes that can escape reticuloendothelial system (RES) uptake and be rapidly eliminated from the normal tissues/organs via kidneys but can still passively target the tumor with high efficiency through the enhanced permeability permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The impact of nanoparticle design (size, shape, and surface chemistry) on their excretion, pharmacokinetics, and passive tumor targeting were quantitatively discussed. Synergetic integration of effective renal clearance and EPR effect offers a promising pathway to design low-toxicity and high-contrast-enhancement imaging nanoparticles that could meet with the clinical translational requirements of regulatory agencies.
ISSN:1936-0851
1936-086X
DOI:10.1021/acsnano.5b01320