Do depressive symptoms “blunt” effort? An analysis of cardiac engagement and withdrawal for an increasingly difficult task

• Published in: Biological psychology 2016-07, Vol.118, p.52-60
• Main Authors: Silvia, Paul J., Mironovová, Zuzana, McHone, Ashley N., Sperry, Sarah H., Harper, Kelly L., Kwapil, Thomas R., Eddington, Kari M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Anhedonia; Cardiography, Impedance; Depression; Depression - physiopathology; Depression - psychology; Effort; Female; Humans; Impedance cardiography; Male; Models, Psychological; Motivation; Motivation - physiology; Myocardial Contraction - physiology; Self-regulation; Task Performance and Analysis; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0301-0511; 1873-6246
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.04.068

•People varying in depressive symptoms worked on a mental effort task.•Effort was assessed via cardiac contractility (PEP).•When the task was easier, people higher in depressive symptoms tried harder.•When the task was very hard, people higher in depressive symptoms disengaged.•Theories of effort offer a more nuanced view of depression and motivation. Research on depression and effort has suggested “depressive blunting”—lower cardiovascular reactivity in response to challenges and stressors. Many studies, however, find null effects or higher reactivity. The present research draws upon motivational intensity theory, a broad model of effort that predicts cases in which depressive symptoms should increase or decrease effort. Because depressive symptoms can influence task-difficulty appraisals—people see tasks as subjectively harder—people high in depressive symptoms should engage higher effort at objectively easier levels of difficulty but also quit sooner. A sample of adults completed a mental effort challenge with four levels of difficulty, from very easy to difficult-but-feasible. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the CESD and DASS; effort-related cardiac activity was assessed via markers of contractility (e.g., the cardiac pre-ejection period [PEP]) obtained with impedance cardiography. The findings supported the theory’s predictions. When the task was relatively easier, people high in depressive symptoms showed higher contractility (shorter PEP), consistent with greater effort. When the task was relatively harder, people high in depressive symptoms showed diminished contractility, consistent with quitting. The results suggest that past research has been observing a small part of a larger trajectory of trying and quitting, and they illustrate the value of a theoretically grounded analysis of depressive symptoms and effort-related cardiac activity.