The emotional cost of distance: Geographic social network dispersion and post-traumatic stress among survivors of Hurricane Katrina

• Published in: Social science & medicine (1982) 2016-09, Vol.165, p.56-65
• Main Authors: Morris, Katherine Ann, Deterding, Nicole M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptation, Psychological; Adolescent; Adult; Cyclonic Storms - statistics & numerical data; Egocentric social networks; Female; Geography; Humans; Income; Longitudinal Studies; Low income groups; Male; Mental illness; Mixed methods; Mothers; Natural disaster; Natural disasters; Network dispersion; Post traumatic stress disorder; Post-traumatic stress; Psychological distress; Psychosocial Support Systems; Qualitative Research; Regression analysis; Resilience; Social networks; Social Support; Sociodemographics; Stress; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology; Stress, Psychological - complications; Stress, Psychological - psychology; Stress, Psychological - therapy; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survivors - psychology; Trauma
• ISSN: 0277-9536; 1873-5347
• DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.034

Social networks offer important emotional and instrumental support following natural disasters. However, displacement may geographically disperse network members, making it difficult to provide and receive support necessary for psychological recovery after trauma. We examine the association between distance to network members and post-traumatic stress using survey data, and identify potential mechanisms underlying this association using in-depth qualitative interviews. We use longitudinal, mixed-methods data from the Resilience in Survivors of Katrina (RISK) Project to capture the long-term effects of Hurricane Katrina on low-income mothers from New Orleans. Baseline surveys occurred approximately one year before the storm and follow-up surveys and in-depth interviews were conducted five years later. We use a sequential explanatory analytic design. With logistic regression, we estimate the association of geographic network dispersion with the likelihood of post-traumatic stress. With linear regressions, we estimate the association of network dispersion with the three post-traumatic stress sub-scales. Using maximal variation sampling, we use qualitative interview data to elaborate identified statistical associations. We find network dispersion is positively associated with the likelihood of post-traumatic stress, controlling for individual-level socio-demographic characteristics, exposure to hurricane-related trauma, perceived social support, and New Orleans residency. We identify two social-psychological mechanisms present in qualitative data: respondents with distant network members report a lack of deep belonging and a lack of mattering as they are unable to fulfill obligations to important distant ties. Results indicate the importance of physical proximity to emotionally-intimate network ties for long-term psychological recovery. •Social network dispersion predicts post-traumatic stress after Hurricane Katrina.•This association is not moderated by perceived social support or New Orleans return.•Qualitative interviews reveal two mechanisms: belonging and mattering.•Distance to social network members decreases feelings of deep belonging.•Distance also decreases feelings of mattering by interfering with role obligations.