Carnosine and anserine homeostasis in skeletal muscle and heart is controlled by β‐alanine transamination

• Published in: The Journal of physiology 2016-09, Vol.594 (17), p.4849-4863
• Main Authors: Blancquaert, Laura, Baba, Shahid P., Kwiatkowski, Sebastian, Stautemas, Jan, Stegen, Sanne, Barbaresi, Silvia, Chung, Weiliang, Boakye, Adjoa A., Hoetker, J. David, Bhatnagar, Aruni, Delanghe, Joris, Vanheel, Bert, Veiga‐da‐Cunha, Maria, Derave, Wim, Everaert, Inge
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aminooxyacetic Acid - pharmacology; Animals; Anserine - metabolism; beta-Alanine - blood; beta-Alanine - metabolism; beta-Alanine - urine; Brain - metabolism; Carnosine - metabolism; Cellular and Molecular Physiology; Enzyme Inhibitors - pharmacology; GABA Agents - pharmacology; Heart; HEK293 Cells; Homeostasis; Humans; Kidney - metabolism; Liver - metabolism; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Molecular and cellular; Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism; Myocardium - metabolism; Research Paper; RNA, Messenger - metabolism; Skeletal Muscle; Transaminases - antagonists & inhibitors; Transaminases - genetics; Transaminases - metabolism; Vigabatrin - pharmacology
• ISSN: 0022-3751; 1469-7793
• DOI: 10.1113/JP272050

Key points Using recombinant DNA technology, the present study provides the first strong and direct evidence indicating that β‐alanine is an efficient substrate for the mammalian transaminating enzymes 4‐aminobutyrate‐2‐oxoglutarate transaminase and alanine‐glyoxylate transaminase. The concentration of carnosine and anserine in murine skeletal and heart muscle depends on circulating availability of β‐alanine, which is in turn controlled by degradation of β‐alanine in liver and kidney. Chronic oral β‐alanine supplementation is a popular ergogenic strategy in sports because it can increase the intracellular carnosine concentration and subsequently improve the performance of high‐intensity exercises. The present study can partly explain why the β‐alanine supplementation protocol is so inefficient, by demonstrating that exogenous β‐alanine can be effectively routed toward oxidation. The metabolic fate of orally ingested β‐alanine is largely unknown. Chronic β‐alanine supplementation is becoming increasingly popular for improving high‐intensity exercise performance because it is the rate‐limiting precursor of the dipeptide carnosine (β‐alanyl‐l‐histidine) in muscle. However, only a small fraction (3–6%) of the ingested β‐alanine is used for carnosine synthesis. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the putative contribution of two β‐alanine transamination enzymes, namely 4‐aminobutyrate‐2‐oxoglutarate transaminase (GABA‐T) and alanine‐glyoxylate transaminase (AGXT2), to the homeostasis of carnosine and its methylated analogue anserine. We found that, when transfected into HEK293T cells, recombinant mouse and human GABA‐T and AGXT2 are able to transaminate β‐alanine efficiently. The reaction catalysed by GABA‐T is inhibited by vigabatrin, whereas both GABA‐T and AGXT2 activity is inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid (AOA). Both GABA‐T and AGXT2 are highly expressed in the mouse liver and kidney and the administration of the inhibitors effectively reduced their enzyme activity in liver (GABA‐T for vigabatrin; GABA‐T and AGXT2 for AOA). In vivo, injection of AOA in C57BL/6 mice placed on β‐alanine (0.1% w/v in drinking water) for 2 weeks lead to a 3‐fold increase in circulating β‐alanine levels and to significantly higher levels of carnosine and anserine in skeletal muscle and heart. By contrast, specific inhibition of GABA‐T by vigabatrin did not affect carnosine and anserine levels in either tissue. Collectively, these data demonstrate that homeostasis of car