Identification of polymorphism in ethylone hydrochloride: synthesis and characterization

• Published in: Drug testing and analysis 2016-08, Vol.8 (8), p.847-857
• Main Authors: Maheux, Chad R., Alarcon, Idralyn Q., Copeland, Catherine R., Cameron, T. Stanley, Linden, Anthony, Grossert, J. Stuart
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetone - analogs & derivatives; Acetone - chemical synthesis; Acetone - chemistry; Crystallization; Crystallography, X-Ray; designer drugs; Designer Drugs - chemical synthesis; Designer Drugs - chemistry; Ethylamines - chemical synthesis; Ethylamines - chemistry; ethylone; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Models, Molecular; Molecular Conformation; new psychoactive substances; polymorphism; Psychotropic Drugs - chemical synthesis; Psychotropic Drugs - chemistry; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; synthetic cathinones
• ISSN: 1942-7603; 1942-7611
• DOI: 10.1002/dta.1859

Ethylone, a synthetic cathinone with psychoactive properties, is a designer drug which has appeared on the recreational drug market in recent years. Since 2012, illicit shipments of ethylone hydrochloride have been intercepted with increasing frequency at the Canadian border. Analysis has revealed that ethylone hydrochloride exists as two distinct polymorphs. In addition, several minor impurities were detected in some seized exhibits. In this study, the two conformational polymorphs of ethylone hydrochloride have been synthesized and fully characterized by FTIR, FT‐Raman, powder XRD, GC‐MS, ESI‐MS/MS and NMR (13C CPMAS, 1H, 13C). The two polymorphs can be distinguished by vibrational spectroscopy, solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The FTIR data are applied to the identification of both polymorphs of ethylone hydrochloride (mixed with methylone hydrochloride) in a laboratory submission labelled as 'Ocean Snow Ultra’. The data presented in this study will assist forensic scientists in the differentiation of the two ethylone hydrochloride polymorphs. This report, alongside our recent article on the single crystal X‐ray structure of a second polymorph of this synthetic cathinone, is the first to confirm polymorphism in ethylone hydrochloride. © 2015 Canada Border Services Agency. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2015 Canada Border Services Agency. Drug Testing and Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Two conformational polymorphs of ethylone hydrochloride have been synthesized and fully characterized by FTIR, FT‐Raman, powder XRD, GC‐MS, ESI‐MS/MS and NMR.