Effect of Pulse Shaping on Subharmonic Aided Pressure Estimation In Vitro and In Vivo

Objectives Subharmonic imaging (SHI) is a technique that uses the nonlinear oscillations of microbubbles when exposed to ultrasound at high pressures transmitting at the fundamental frequency ie, fo and receiving at half the transmit frequency (ie, fo/2). Subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE...

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Published in:Journal of ultrasound in medicine 2017-01, Vol.36 (1), p.3-11
Main Authors: Gupta, Ipshita, Eisenbrey, John, Stanczak, Maria, Sridharan, Anush, Dave, Jaydev K., Liu, Ji‐Bin, Hazard, Christopher, Wang, Xinghua, Wang, Ping, Li, Huiwen, Wallace, Kirk, Forsberg, Flemming
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Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Contrast Media
Dogs
Ferric Compounds
Image Enhancement - methods
Iron
Microbubbles
noninvasive pressure estimation
Oxides
Phantoms, Imaging
portal hypertension
Portal Pressure - physiology
Portal Vein - diagnostic imaging
Portal Vein - physiology
pulse envelope
Reproducibility of Results
subharmonic imaging
Ultrasonography - methods
ultrasound
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container_title Journal of ultrasound in medicine
container_volume 36
creator Gupta, Ipshita
Eisenbrey, John
Stanczak, Maria
Sridharan, Anush
Dave, Jaydev K.
Liu, Ji‐Bin
Hazard, Christopher
Wang, Xinghua
Wang, Ping
Li, Huiwen
Wallace, Kirk
Forsberg, Flemming
description Objectives Subharmonic imaging (SHI) is a technique that uses the nonlinear oscillations of microbubbles when exposed to ultrasound at high pressures transmitting at the fundamental frequency ie, fo and receiving at half the transmit frequency (ie, fo/2). Subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) is based on the inverse relationship between the subharmonic amplitude of the microbubbles and the ambient pressure change. Methods Eight waveforms with different envelopes were optimized with respect to acoustic power at which the SHAPE study is most sensitive. The study was run with four input transmit cycles, first in vitro and then in vivo in three canines to select the waveform that achieved the best sensitivity for detecting changes in portal pressures using SHAPE. A Logiq 9 scanner with a 4C curvi‐linear array was used to acquire 2.5 MHz radio‐frequency data. Scanning was performed in dual imaging mode with B‐mode imaging at 4 MHz and a SHI contrast mode transmitting at 2.5 MHz and receiving at 1.25 MHz. Sonazoid, which is a lipid stabilized gas filled bubble of perfluorobutane, was used as the contrast agent in this study. Results A linear decrease in subharmonic amplitude with increased pressure was observed for all waveforms (r from −0.77 to −0.93; P 
doi_str_mv 10.7863/ultra.15.11106
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Subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) is based on the inverse relationship between the subharmonic amplitude of the microbubbles and the ambient pressure change. Methods Eight waveforms with different envelopes were optimized with respect to acoustic power at which the SHAPE study is most sensitive. The study was run with four input transmit cycles, first in vitro and then in vivo in three canines to select the waveform that achieved the best sensitivity for detecting changes in portal pressures using SHAPE. A Logiq 9 scanner with a 4C curvi‐linear array was used to acquire 2.5 MHz radio‐frequency data. Scanning was performed in dual imaging mode with B‐mode imaging at 4 MHz and a SHI contrast mode transmitting at 2.5 MHz and receiving at 1.25 MHz. Sonazoid, which is a lipid stabilized gas filled bubble of perfluorobutane, was used as the contrast agent in this study. Results A linear decrease in subharmonic amplitude with increased pressure was observed for all waveforms (r from −0.77 to −0.93; P &lt; .001) in vitro. There was a significantly higher correlation of the SHAPE gradient with changing pressures for the broadband pulses as compared to the narrowband pulses in both in vitro and in vivo results. The highest correlation was achieved with a Gaussian windowed binomial filtered square wave with an r‐value of −0.95. One of the three canines was eliminated for technical reasons, while the other two produced very similar results to those obtained in vitro (r from −0.72 to −0.98; P &lt;.01). The most consistent in vivo results were achieved with the Gaussian windowed binomial filtered square wave (r = −0.95 and −0.96). Conclusions Using this waveform is an improvement to the existing SHAPE technique (where a square wave was used) and should make SHAPE more sensitive for noninvasively determining portal hypertension.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0278-4297</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1550-9613</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.7863/ultra.15.11106</identifier><identifier>PMID: 27943411</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England</publisher><subject>Animals ; Contrast Media ; Dogs ; Ferric Compounds ; Image Enhancement - methods ; Iron ; Microbubbles ; noninvasive pressure estimation ; Oxides ; Phantoms, Imaging ; portal hypertension ; Portal Pressure - physiology ; Portal Vein - diagnostic imaging ; Portal Vein - physiology ; pulse envelope ; Reproducibility of Results ; subharmonic imaging ; Ultrasonography - methods ; ultrasound</subject><ispartof>Journal of ultrasound in medicine, 2017-01, Vol.36 (1), p.3-11</ispartof><rights>2016 by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine</rights><rights>2016 by the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3262-4bdbff1e901ca43269bc2e628ed37f61137eb0a15e3f7cea0852b504fb08aff63</citedby></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27943411$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Gupta, Ipshita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eisenbrey, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stanczak, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sridharan, Anush</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dave, Jaydev K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Ji‐Bin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hazard, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xinghua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Ping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Huiwen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wallace, Kirk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forsberg, Flemming</creatorcontrib><title>Effect of Pulse Shaping on Subharmonic Aided Pressure Estimation In Vitro and In Vivo</title><title>Journal of ultrasound in medicine</title><addtitle>J Ultrasound Med</addtitle><description>Objectives Subharmonic imaging (SHI) is a technique that uses the nonlinear oscillations of microbubbles when exposed to ultrasound at high pressures transmitting at the fundamental frequency ie, fo and receiving at half the transmit frequency (ie, fo/2). Subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) is based on the inverse relationship between the subharmonic amplitude of the microbubbles and the ambient pressure change. Methods Eight waveforms with different envelopes were optimized with respect to acoustic power at which the SHAPE study is most sensitive. The study was run with four input transmit cycles, first in vitro and then in vivo in three canines to select the waveform that achieved the best sensitivity for detecting changes in portal pressures using SHAPE. A Logiq 9 scanner with a 4C curvi‐linear array was used to acquire 2.5 MHz radio‐frequency data. Scanning was performed in dual imaging mode with B‐mode imaging at 4 MHz and a SHI contrast mode transmitting at 2.5 MHz and receiving at 1.25 MHz. Sonazoid, which is a lipid stabilized gas filled bubble of perfluorobutane, was used as the contrast agent in this study. Results A linear decrease in subharmonic amplitude with increased pressure was observed for all waveforms (r from −0.77 to −0.93; P &lt; .001) in vitro. There was a significantly higher correlation of the SHAPE gradient with changing pressures for the broadband pulses as compared to the narrowband pulses in both in vitro and in vivo results. The highest correlation was achieved with a Gaussian windowed binomial filtered square wave with an r‐value of −0.95. One of the three canines was eliminated for technical reasons, while the other two produced very similar results to those obtained in vitro (r from −0.72 to −0.98; P &lt;.01). The most consistent in vivo results were achieved with the Gaussian windowed binomial filtered square wave (r = −0.95 and −0.96). Conclusions Using this waveform is an improvement to the existing SHAPE technique (where a square wave was used) and should make SHAPE more sensitive for noninvasively determining portal hypertension.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Contrast Media</subject><subject>Dogs</subject><subject>Ferric Compounds</subject><subject>Image Enhancement - methods</subject><subject>Iron</subject><subject>Microbubbles</subject><subject>noninvasive pressure estimation</subject><subject>Oxides</subject><subject>Phantoms, Imaging</subject><subject>portal hypertension</subject><subject>Portal Pressure - physiology</subject><subject>Portal Vein - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Portal Vein - physiology</subject><subject>pulse envelope</subject><subject>Reproducibility of Results</subject><subject>subharmonic imaging</subject><subject>Ultrasonography - methods</subject><subject>ultrasound</subject><issn>0278-4297</issn><issn>1550-9613</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNpVUU1P20AUXKFWJUCvHKs99uJ0337ZvlSKUFpAqYgUwnW1tt-SrRxv6rWp-PddSBrB6em9Gc08zRByCWyaF1p8G9uht1NQUwBg-oRMQCmWlRrEBzJhPC8yycv8lJzF-JsxziCXn8gpz0spJMCErOfOYT3Q4OhybCPS1cbufPdIQ0dXY7Wx_TZ0vqYz32BDlz3GOPZI53HwWzv4xLrp6IMf-kBt1-yXp3BBPjqb1D4f5jlZ_5jfX11ni7ufN1ezRVYLrnkmq6ZyDrBkUFuZTmVVc9S8wEbkTgOIHCtmQaFweY2WFYpXiklXscI6p8U5-b7X3Y3VFpsau5RGa3Z9eq5_NsF68x7p_MY8hiejoISyUEng60GgD39GjIPZ-lhj29oOwxgNJEetmQSZqF_eeh1N_meZCHJP-OtbfD7iwMxLU-a1KQPKvDZlbte_QDLg4h_zjIgV</recordid><startdate>201701</startdate><enddate>201701</enddate><creator>Gupta, Ipshita</creator><creator>Eisenbrey, John</creator><creator>Stanczak, Maria</creator><creator>Sridharan, Anush</creator><creator>Dave, Jaydev K.</creator><creator>Liu, Ji‐Bin</creator><creator>Hazard, Christopher</creator><creator>Wang, Xinghua</creator><creator>Wang, Ping</creator><creator>Li, Huiwen</creator><creator>Wallace, Kirk</creator><creator>Forsberg, Flemming</creator><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>201701</creationdate><title>Effect of Pulse Shaping on Subharmonic Aided Pressure Estimation In Vitro and In Vivo</title><author>Gupta, Ipshita ; Eisenbrey, John ; Stanczak, Maria ; Sridharan, Anush ; Dave, Jaydev K. ; Liu, Ji‐Bin ; Hazard, Christopher ; Wang, Xinghua ; Wang, Ping ; Li, Huiwen ; Wallace, Kirk ; Forsberg, Flemming</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3262-4bdbff1e901ca43269bc2e628ed37f61137eb0a15e3f7cea0852b504fb08aff63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Contrast Media</topic><topic>Dogs</topic><topic>Ferric Compounds</topic><topic>Image Enhancement - methods</topic><topic>Iron</topic><topic>Microbubbles</topic><topic>noninvasive pressure estimation</topic><topic>Oxides</topic><topic>Phantoms, Imaging</topic><topic>portal hypertension</topic><topic>Portal Pressure - physiology</topic><topic>Portal Vein - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Portal Vein - physiology</topic><topic>pulse envelope</topic><topic>Reproducibility of Results</topic><topic>subharmonic imaging</topic><topic>Ultrasonography - methods</topic><topic>ultrasound</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Gupta, Ipshita</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eisenbrey, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stanczak, Maria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sridharan, Anush</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dave, Jaydev K.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Ji‐Bin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hazard, Christopher</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Xinghua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Ping</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Huiwen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wallace, Kirk</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Forsberg, Flemming</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of ultrasound in medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Gupta, Ipshita</au><au>Eisenbrey, John</au><au>Stanczak, Maria</au><au>Sridharan, Anush</au><au>Dave, Jaydev K.</au><au>Liu, Ji‐Bin</au><au>Hazard, Christopher</au><au>Wang, Xinghua</au><au>Wang, Ping</au><au>Li, Huiwen</au><au>Wallace, Kirk</au><au>Forsberg, Flemming</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Effect of Pulse Shaping on Subharmonic Aided Pressure Estimation In Vitro and In Vivo</atitle><jtitle>Journal of ultrasound in medicine</jtitle><addtitle>J Ultrasound Med</addtitle><date>2017-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>36</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>3</spage><epage>11</epage><pages>3-11</pages><issn>0278-4297</issn><eissn>1550-9613</eissn><abstract>Objectives Subharmonic imaging (SHI) is a technique that uses the nonlinear oscillations of microbubbles when exposed to ultrasound at high pressures transmitting at the fundamental frequency ie, fo and receiving at half the transmit frequency (ie, fo/2). Subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) is based on the inverse relationship between the subharmonic amplitude of the microbubbles and the ambient pressure change. Methods Eight waveforms with different envelopes were optimized with respect to acoustic power at which the SHAPE study is most sensitive. The study was run with four input transmit cycles, first in vitro and then in vivo in three canines to select the waveform that achieved the best sensitivity for detecting changes in portal pressures using SHAPE. A Logiq 9 scanner with a 4C curvi‐linear array was used to acquire 2.5 MHz radio‐frequency data. Scanning was performed in dual imaging mode with B‐mode imaging at 4 MHz and a SHI contrast mode transmitting at 2.5 MHz and receiving at 1.25 MHz. Sonazoid, which is a lipid stabilized gas filled bubble of perfluorobutane, was used as the contrast agent in this study. Results A linear decrease in subharmonic amplitude with increased pressure was observed for all waveforms (r from −0.77 to −0.93; P &lt; .001) in vitro. There was a significantly higher correlation of the SHAPE gradient with changing pressures for the broadband pulses as compared to the narrowband pulses in both in vitro and in vivo results. The highest correlation was achieved with a Gaussian windowed binomial filtered square wave with an r‐value of −0.95. One of the three canines was eliminated for technical reasons, while the other two produced very similar results to those obtained in vitro (r from −0.72 to −0.98; P &lt;.01). The most consistent in vivo results were achieved with the Gaussian windowed binomial filtered square wave (r = −0.95 and −0.96). Conclusions Using this waveform is an improvement to the existing SHAPE technique (where a square wave was used) and should make SHAPE more sensitive for noninvasively determining portal hypertension.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pmid>27943411</pmid><doi>10.7863/ultra.15.11106</doi><tpages>9</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Animals
Contrast Media
Dogs
Ferric Compounds
Image Enhancement - methods
Iron
Microbubbles
noninvasive pressure estimation
Oxides
Phantoms, Imaging
portal hypertension
Portal Pressure - physiology
Portal Vein - diagnostic imaging
Portal Vein - physiology
pulse envelope
Reproducibility of Results
subharmonic imaging
Ultrasonography - methods
ultrasound
title Effect of Pulse Shaping on Subharmonic Aided Pressure Estimation In Vitro and In Vivo
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