The interactive effect of fungicide residues and yeast assimilable nitrogen on fermentation kinetics and hydrogen sulfide production during cider fermentation

• Published in: Journal of the science of food and agriculture 2017-01, Vol.97 (2), p.693-704
• Main Authors: Boudreau, Thomas F, Peck, Gregory M, O'Keefe, Sean F, Stewart, Amanda C
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alcoholic Beverages - analysis; Alcoholic Beverages - microbiology; apple fungicides; Apples; Cider; cider fermentation; Dietary Carbohydrates - analysis; Dioxoles - toxicity; fenbuconazole; Fermentation; Fermentation - drug effects; fermentation rate; fludioxonil; Food Contamination; Food Quality; Food, Preserved - analysis; Food, Preserved - microbiology; Fruit and Vegetable Juices - analysis; Fruit and Vegetable Juices - microbiology; Fungicides; Fungicides, Industrial - toxicity; hydrogen sulfide; Hydrogen Sulfide - metabolism; Kinetics; Malus; Malus - chemistry; Malus - microbiology; Nitriles - toxicity; Nitrogen; Nitrogen Cycle - drug effects; Pesticide Residues - toxicity; Pesticides; Pyrroles - toxicity; Residues; Saccharomyces - drug effects; Saccharomyces - growth & development; Saccharomyces - metabolism; Saccharomyces cerevisiae - drug effects; Saccharomyces cerevisiae - growth & development; Saccharomyces cerevisiae - metabolism; Species Specificity; Sulfur; Sulfur - toxicity; Triazoles - toxicity; Vineyards; Virginia; Vitaceae; Yeast
• ISSN: 0022-5142; 1097-0010
• DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8096

BACKGROUND Fungicide residues on fruit may adversely affect yeast during cider fermentation, leading to sluggish or stuck fermentation or the production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is an undesirable aroma compound. This phenomenon has been studied in grape fermentation but not in apple fermentation. Low nitrogen availability, which is characteristic of apples, may further exacerbate the effects of fungicides on yeast during fermentation. The present study explored the effects of three fungicides: elemental sulfur (S0) (known to result in increased H2S in wine); fenbuconazole (used in orchards but not vineyards); and fludioxonil (used in post‐harvest storage of apples). RESULTS Only S0 led to increased H2S production. Fenbuconazole (≥0.2 mg L−1) resulted in a decreased fermentation rate and increased residual sugar. An interactive effect of yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentration and fenbuconazole was observed such that increasing the YAN concentration alleviated the negative effects of fenbuconazole on fermentation kinetics. CONCLUSION Cidermakers should be aware that residual fenbuconazole (as low as 0.2 mg L−1) in apple juice may lead to stuck fermentation, especially when the YAN concentration is below 250 mg L−1. These results indicate that fermentation problems attributed to low YAN may be caused or exacerbated by additional factors such as fungicide residues, which have a greater impact on fermentation performance under low YAN conditions. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.