Evolutionary origins of abnormally large shoot sodium accumulation in nonsaline environments within the Caryophyllales

The prevalence of sodium (Na)-‘hyperaccumulator’ species, which exhibit abnormally large shoot sodium concentrations ([Na]shoot) when grown in nonsaline environments, was investigated among angiosperms in general and within the Caryophyllales order in particular. Shoot Na concentrations were determi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The New phytologist 2017-04, Vol.214 (1), p.284-293
Main Authors: White, Philip J., Bowen, Helen C., Broadley, Martin R., El‐Serehy, Hamed A., Neugebauer, Konrad, Taylor, Anna, Thompson, Jacqueline A., Wright, Gladys
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aizoaceae
Amaranthaceae
Biological Evolution
Biomass
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales - metabolism
Chenopodiaceae
Environment
halophyte
hyperaccumulation
Nyctaginaceae
Phylogeny
Phytolaccaceae
Plant Shoots - metabolism
Portulacaceae
Salt-Tolerant Plants - metabolism
shoot
sodium (Na)
Sodium - metabolism
Species Specificity
Tamaricaceae
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Summary:The prevalence of sodium (Na)-‘hyperaccumulator’ species, which exhibit abnormally large shoot sodium concentrations ([Na]shoot) when grown in nonsaline environments, was investigated among angiosperms in general and within the Caryophyllales order in particular. Shoot Na concentrations were determined in 334 angiosperm species, representing 35 orders, grown hydroponically in a nonsaline solution. Many Caryophyllales species exhibited abnormally large [Na]shoot when grown hydroponically in a nonsaline solution. The bimodal distribution of the log-normal [Na]shoot of species within the Caryophyllales suggested at least two distinct [Na]shoot phenotypes within this order. Mapping the trait of Na-hyperaccumulation onto the phylogenetic relationships between Caryophyllales families, and between subfamilies within the Amaranthaceae, suggested that the trait evolved several times within this order: in an ancestor of the Aizoaceae, but not the Phytolaccaceae or Nyctaginaceae, in ancestors of several lineages formerly classified as Chenopodiaceae, but not in the Amaranthaceae sensu stricto, and in ancestors of species within the Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Tamaricaceae and Polygonaceae. In conclusion, a disproportionate number of Caryophyllales species behave as Na-hyperaccumulators, and multiple evolutionary origins of this trait can be identified within this order.
ISSN:0028-646X
1469-8137
DOI:10.1111/nph.14370