Differences between measured and reported volatile organic compound emissions from oil sands facilities in Alberta, Canada

• Published in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS 2017-05, Vol.114 (19), p.E3756-E3765
• Main Authors: Li, Shao-Meng, Leithead, Amy, Moussa, Samar G., Liggio, John, Moran, Michael D., Wang, Daniel, Hayden, Katherine, Darlington, Andrea, Gordon, Mark, Staebler, Ralf, Makar, Paul A., Stroud, Craig A., McLaren, Robert, Liu, Peter S. K., O’Brien, Jason, Mittermeier, Richard L., Zhang, Junhua, Marson, George, Cober, Stewart G., Wolde, Mengistu, Wentzell, Jeremy J. B.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air pollution; Aircraft; Alberta; Emission analysis; Emission measurements; Emissions control; Environmental impact; Environmental impact assessment; Mining; Oil sands; Organic compounds; Petroleum; Physical Sciences; PNAS Plus; Species; Surface mining; VOCs; Volatile organic compounds; Volatile Organic Compounds - analysis
• ISSN: 0027-8424; 1091-6490
• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617862114

Large-scale oil production from oil sands deposits in Alberta, Canada has raised concerns about environmental impacts, such as the magnitude of air pollution emissions. This paper reports compound emission rates (E) for 69–89 nonbiogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for each of four surface mining facilities, determined with a top-down approach using aircraft measurements in the summer of 2013. The aggregate emission rate (aE) of the nonbiogenic VOCs ranged from 50 ± 14 to 70 ± 22 t/d depending on the facility. In comparison, equivalent VOC emission rates reported to the Canadian National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) using accepted estimation methods were lower than the aE values by factors of 2.0 ± 0.6, 3.1 ± 1.1, 4.5 ± 1.5, and 4.1 ± 1.6 for the four facilities, indicating underestimation in the reported VOC emissions. For 11 of the combined 93 VOC species reported by all four facilities, the reported emission rate and E were similar; but for the other 82 species, the reported emission rate was lower than E. The median ratio of E to that reported for all species by a facility ranged from 4.5 to 375 depending on the facility. Moreover, between 9 and 53 VOCs, for which there are existing reporting requirements to the NPRI, were not included in the facility emission reports. The comparisons between the emission reports and measurement based emission rates indicate that improvements to VOC emission estimation methods would enhance the accuracy and completeness of emission estimates and their applicability to environmental impact assessments of oil sands developments.