Mapping Disorder in Polycrystalline Relaxors: A Piezoresponse Force Microscopy Approach

Relaxors constitute a large class of ferroelectrics where disorder is introduced by doping with ions of different size and valence, in order to maximize their useful properties in a broad temperature range. Polarization disorder in relaxors is typically studied by dielectric and scattering technique...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Materials 2010-10, Vol.3 (11), p.4860-4870
Main Authors: Kholkin, Andrei L, Kiselev, Dmitry A, Bdikin, Igor K, Sternberg, Andris, Dkhil, Brahim, Jesse, Stephen, Ovchinnikov, Oleg, Kalinin, Sergei V
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Condensed Matter
domains
Electric fields
Ferroelectrics
Fourier transforms
Grain boundaries
grains
MATERIALS SCIENCE
Microscopy
Neutrons
Physics
piezoresponse force microscopy
PLZT
relaxors
Temperature
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Summary:Relaxors constitute a large class of ferroelectrics where disorder is introduced by doping with ions of different size and valence, in order to maximize their useful properties in a broad temperature range. Polarization disorder in relaxors is typically studied by dielectric and scattering techniques that do not allow direct mapping of relaxor parameters, such as correlation length or width of the relaxation time spectrum. In this paper, we introduce a novel method based on measurements of local vibrations by Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) that detects nanoscale polarization on the relaxor surface. Random polarization patterns are then analyzed via local Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the FFT PFM parameters, such as amplitude, correlation radius and width of the spectrum of spatial correlations, are mapped along with the conventional topography. The results are tested with transparent (Pb, La) (Zr, Ti)O₃ ceramics where local disorder is due to doping with La . The conclusions are made about the distribution of the defects responsible for relaxor behavior and the role of the grain boundaries in the macroscopic response.
ISSN:1996-1944
1996-1944
DOI:10.3390/ma3114860