The third-stimulus temporal discrimination threshold: focusing on the temporal processing of sensory input within primary somatosensory cortex

• Published in: Journal of neurophysiology 2017-10, Vol.118 (4), p.2311-2317
• Main Authors: Leodori, Giorgio, Formica, Alessandra, Zhu, Xiaoying, Conte, Antonella, Belvisi, Daniele, Cruccu, Giorgio, Hallett, Mark, Berardelli, Alfredo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Discrimination (Psychology) - physiology; Electric Stimulation; Electromyography; Evoked Potentials, Motor - physiology; Female; Humans; Male; Sensory Thresholds - physiology; Somatosensory Cortex - physiology; Theta Rhythm - physiology; Time Factors; Time Perception - physiology; Touch Perception - physiology; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation - methods
• ISSN: 0022-3077; 1522-1598
• DOI: 10.1152/jn.00947.2016

The somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) has been used in recent years to investigate time processing of sensory information, but little is known about the physiological correlates of somatosensory temporal discrimination. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the time interval required to discriminate between two stimuli varies according to the number of stimuli in the task. We used the third-stimulus temporal discrimination threshold (ThirdDT), defined as the shortest time interval at which an individual distinguishes a third stimulus following a pair of stimuli delivered at the STDT. The STDT and ThirdDT were assessed in 31 healthy subjects. In a subgroup of 10 subjects, we evaluated the effects of the stimuli intensity on the ThirdDT. In a subgroup of 16 subjects, we evaluated the effects of S1 continuous theta-burst stimulation (S1-cTBS) on the STDT and ThirdDT. Results show that ThirdDT is shorter than STDT. We found a positive correlation between STDT and ThirdDT values. As long as the stimulus intensity was within the perceivable and painless range, it did not affect ThirdDT values. S1-cTBS significantly affected both STDT and ThirdDT, although the latter was affected to a greater extent and for a longer period of time. We conclude that the interval needed to discriminate between time-separated tactile stimuli is related to the number of stimuli used in the task. STDT and ThirdDT are encoded in S1, probably by a shared tactile temporal encoding mechanism whose performance rapidly changes during the perception process. ThirdDT is a new method to measure somatosensory temporal discrimination. To investigate whether the time interval required to discriminate between stimuli varies according to changes in the stimulation pattern, we used the third-stimulus temporal discrimination threshold (ThirdDT). We found that the somatosensory temporal discrimination acuity varies according to the number of stimuli in the task. The ThirdDT is a new method to measure somatosensory temporal discrimination and a possible index of inhibitory activity at the S1 level.