Levofloxacin Prophylaxis During Induction Therapy for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

• Published in: Clinical infectious diseases 2017-12, Vol.65 (11), p.1790-1798
• Main Authors: Wolf, Joshua, Tang, Li, Flynn, Patricia M., Pui, Ching-Hon, Gaur, Aditya H., Sun, Yilun, Inaba, Hiroto, Stewart, Tracy, Hayden, Randall T., Hakim, Hana, Jeha, Sima
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; Adults; Aminoglycoside antibiotics; and Commentaries; Anti-Bacterial Agents - administration & dosage; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotics; Antiinfectives and antibacterials; ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES; Bacteremia - microbiology; Bacteremia - prevention & control; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections - prevention & control; Cephalosporins; Chemotherapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Children; Children & youth; Clostridium Infections - microbiology; Clostridium Infections - prevention & control; Cohort Studies; Disease prevention; Disseminated infection; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Female; Humans; Induction Chemotherapy; Induction therapy; Leukemia; Levofloxacin; Levofloxacin - administration & dosage; Logistic Models; Lymphatic leukemia; Male; Morbidity; Neutropenia; Neutropenia - prevention & control; Patients; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma - complications; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma - drug therapy; Prophylaxis; Regression models; Vancomycin
• ISSN: 1058-4838; 1537-6591
• DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix644

Infection is the most important cause of treatment-related morbidity and mortality in pediatric patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although routine in adults with leukemia, antibacterial prophylaxis is controversial in pediatrics because of insufficient evidence for its efficacy or antibiotic choice and concerns about promoting antibiotic resistance and Clostridium difficile infection. This was a single-center, observational cohort study of patients with newly diagnosed ALL, comparing prospectively collected infection-related outcomes in patients who received no prophylaxis, levofloxacin prophylaxis, or other prophylaxis during induction therapy on the total XVI study. A propensity score-weighted logistic regression model was used to adjust for confounders. Of 344 included patients, 173 received no prophylaxis, 69 received levofloxacin prophylaxis, and 102 received other prophylaxis regimens. Patients receiving prophylaxis had longer duration of neutropenia. Prophylaxis reduced the odds of febrile neutropenia, likely bacterial infection, and bloodstream infection by ≥70%. Levofloxacin prophylaxis alone reduced these infections, but it also reduced cephalosporin, aminoglycoside, and vancomycin exposure and reduced the odds of C. difficile infection by >95%. No increase in breakthrough infections with antibiotic-resistant organisms was seen, but this cannot be excluded. This is the largest study to date of antibacterial prophylaxis during induction therapy for pediatric ALL and the first to include a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone. Prophylaxis prevented febrile neutropenia and systemic infection. Levofloxacin prophylaxis also minimized the use of treatment antibiotics and drastically reduced C. difficile infection. Although long-term antibiotic-resistance monitoring is needed, these data support using targeted prophylaxis with levofloxacin in children undergoing induction chemotherapy for ALL. NCT00549848.