Potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Sambucus australis

• Published in: Pharmaceutical biology 2017-01, Vol.55 (1), p.991-997
• Main Authors: Benevides Bahiense, Jhéssica, Marques, Franciane Martins, Figueira, Mariana Moreira, Vargas, Thais Souza, Kondratyuk, Tamara P., Endringer, Denise Coutinho, Scherer, Rodrigo, Fronza, Marcio
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents - chemistry; Anti-Infective Agents - isolation & purification; Anti-Infective Agents - pharmacology; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - chemistry; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - isolation & purification; Anti-Inflammatory Agents - pharmacology; Antibacterial activity; Antimicrobial agents; Antioxidants; Antioxidants - chemistry; Antioxidants - isolation & purification; Antioxidants - pharmacology; Bark; Biphenyl Compounds - chemistry; Chlorides - chemistry; Chlorogenic acid; Chlorogenic Acid - isolation & purification; Chlorogenic Acid - pharmacology; cytokines; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Ethanol - chemistry; Ferric Compounds - chemistry; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Inflammation Mediators - metabolism; Inflammatory diseases; Klebsiella pneumoniae - drug effects; Klebsiella pneumoniae - growth & development; Leaves; Lipopolysaccharides; Lipopolysaccharides - pharmacology; Macrophages; Macrophages - drug effects; Macrophages - metabolism; Mice; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Natural products; NF-kappa B - genetics; NF-kappa B - metabolism; NF-κB protein; Nitric oxide; Nitric Oxide - metabolism; nuclear factor-κB; Oxidation-Reduction; phenolic compounds; Phytotherapy; Picrates - chemistry; Plant Bark; Plant extracts; Plant Extracts - chemistry; Plant Extracts - isolation & purification; Plant Extracts - pharmacology; Plant Leaves; Plants, Medicinal; RAW 264.7 Cells; Rutin; Rutin - isolation & purification; Rutin - pharmacology; Salmonella typhimurium - drug effects; Salmonella typhimurium - growth & development; Sambucus; Sambucus - chemistry; Solvents - chemistry; Swiss 3T3 Cells; Transfection; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - metabolism; Tumor necrosis factor-TNF; Tumor necrosis factor-α; Tumors; γ-Interferon
• ISSN: 1388-0209; 1744-5116
• DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1285324

Context: Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. (Adoxaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammatory disorders. Objective: To evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of S. australis. Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extracts of the leaf and bark of S. australis (1-100 μg/mL) were studied in lipopolysaccharide/interferon γ stimulated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 cells (24 h incubation) by investigating the release of nitric oxide (NO) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and in the TNF-α-induced nuclear factor kappa (NF-κB) assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution test (24 h incubation). Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the NO scavenging assays. Chemical composition was assessed by LC-MS/MS. Results: Antioxidant activities in the DPPH (IC 50 43.5 and 66.2 μg/mL), FRAP (IC 50 312.6 and 568.3 μg/mL) and NO radical scavenging assays (IC 50 285.0 and 972.6 μg/mL) were observed in the leaf and bark ethanol extracts, respectively. Solely the leaf extract showed significant inhibition of NO and TNF-α production in RAW264.7 cells at concentrations of 2 and 100 μg/mL, respectively, and suppression of TNF-α inhibition of NF-κB by 12.8 and 20.4% at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively. The extract also exhibited antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium (MIC 250 μg/mL) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (MIC 250 μg/mL). LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid and rutin as major compounds. Discussion and conclusion: The results indicate that the ethanol leaf extract of S. australis exhibit prominent anti-inflammatory effects.