The relationship among psychopathology, religiosity, and nicotine dependence in Croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder

To examine relationships among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, suicidality, nicotine dependence, and religiosity in Croatian veterans. This cross-sectional study used Combat Exposure Scale (CES) to quantify the stressor severity, PTSD Checklist 5 (PCL) to...

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Published in:Croatian medical journal 2018-08, Vol.59 (4), p.165-177
Main Authors: Šagud, Marina, Petrović, Božena, Vilibić, Maja, Mihaljević-Peleš, Alma, Vuksan-Ćusa, Bjanka, Radoš, Iva, Greš, Alen, Trkulja, Vladimir
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Aged
Analysis
Clinical Science
Combat
Croatia
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depression (Mood disorder)
Depressive Disorder - psychology
Health aspects
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Psychological aspects
Psychopathology
Religion
Religion and Psychology
Religiousness
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology
Tobacco habit
Tobacco Use Disorder - psychology
Veterans
Warfare
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container_end_page 177
container_issue 4
container_start_page 165
container_title Croatian medical journal
container_volume 59
creator Šagud, Marina
Petrović, Božena
Vilibić, Maja
Mihaljević-Peleš, Alma
Vuksan-Ćusa, Bjanka
Radoš, Iva
Greš, Alen
Trkulja, Vladimir
description To examine relationships among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression, suicidality, nicotine dependence, and religiosity in Croatian veterans. This cross-sectional study used Combat Exposure Scale (CES) to quantify the stressor severity, PTSD Checklist 5 (PCL) to quantify PTSD severity, Duke University Religion Index to quantify religiosity, Montgomery Asberg (MADRS) and Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) rating scales to measure depression/suicidality, and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence to assess nicotine dependence. Zero-order correlations, cluster analysis, multivariate regression, and mediation models were used for data analysis. Of 69 patients included, 71% met "high religiosity" criteria and 29% had moderate/high nicotine dependence. PTSD was severe (median PCL 71), depression was mild/moderate (median MADRS 19, HAM-D 14), while suicidality was mild. A subset of patients was identified with more severe PTSD/depression/suicidality and nicotine dependence (all P
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This cross-sectional study used Combat Exposure Scale (CES) to quantify the stressor severity, PTSD Checklist 5 (PCL) to quantify PTSD severity, Duke University Religion Index to quantify religiosity, Montgomery Asberg (MADRS) and Hamilton Depression (HAM-D) rating scales to measure depression/suicidality, and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence to assess nicotine dependence. Zero-order correlations, cluster analysis, multivariate regression, and mediation models were used for data analysis. Of 69 patients included, 71% met "high religiosity" criteria and 29% had moderate/high nicotine dependence. PTSD was severe (median PCL 71), depression was mild/moderate (median MADRS 19, HAM-D 14), while suicidality was mild. A subset of patients was identified with more severe PTSD/depression/suicidality and nicotine dependence (all P&lt;0.001). Two "chains" of direct and indirect independent associations were detected. Higher CES was associated with higher level of re-experiencing and, through re-experiencing, with higher negativity and hyperarousal. It also showed "downstream" division into two arms, one including a direct and indirect association with higher depression and lower probability of high religiosity, and the other including associations with higher suicidality and lower probability of high nicotine dependence. Psychopathology, religiosity, and nicotine dependence are intertwined in a complex way not detectable by simple direct associations. Heavy smoking might be a marker of severe PTSD psychopathology, while spirituality might be targeted in attempts of its alleviation. 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ispartof Croatian medical journal, 2018-08, Vol.59 (4), p.165-177
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source Open Access: PubMed Central
subjects Adult
Aged
Analysis
Clinical Science
Combat
Croatia
Cross-Sectional Studies
Depression (Mood disorder)
Depressive Disorder - psychology
Health aspects
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
Psychological aspects
Psychopathology
Religion
Religion and Psychology
Religiousness
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology
Tobacco habit
Tobacco Use Disorder - psychology
Veterans
Warfare
title The relationship among psychopathology, religiosity, and nicotine dependence in Croatian war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
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