Linear Growth through 12 Years is Weakly but Consistently Associated with Language and Math Achievement Scores at Age 12 Years in 4 Low- or Middle-Income Countries

• Published in: The Journal of nutrition 2018-11, Vol.148 (11), p.1852-1859
• Main Authors: Kowalski, Alysse J, Georgiadis, Andreas, Behrman, Jere R, Crookston, Benjamin T, Fernald, Lia C H, Stein, Aryeh D
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Achievement tests; Adaptation; Age; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Children & youth; cognitive achievement; Cohort Studies; Community and International Nutrition; Data processing; Developing Countries; Editor's Choice; Female; growth; Heat affected zone; height-for-age z score; Humans; Income; Infant; Language; LDCs; Male; Mathematical analysis; Mathematical models; Mathematics; Young Lives
• ISSN: 0022-3166; 1541-6100
• DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy191

Whether linear growth through age 12 y is associated with language and math achievement at age 12 y remains unclear. Our objective was to investigate associations of linear growth through age 12 y with reading skill, receptive vocabulary, and mathematics performance at age 12 y in 4 low- or middle-income countries (LMICs). We analyzed data from the Young Lives Younger Cohort study in Ethiopia (n = 1275), India (n = 1350), Peru (n = 1402), and Vietnam (n = 1594). Age 1, 5, 8, and 12 y height-for-age z scores (HAZ) were calculated. Language and math achievement at age 12 y was assessed with the use of country-specific adaptations of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, the Early Grades Reading Assessment, and a mathematics test; all test scores were standardized by age within country. We used path analysis to examine associations of HAZ with achievement scores. Twelve models were examined at each age (3 tests across 4 countries). Mean HAZ in each country was