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Genetic adaptation as a biological buffer against climate change: Potential and limitations

Climate change profoundly impacts ecosystems and their biota, resulting in range shifts, novel interactions, food web alterations, changed intensities of host—parasite interactions, and extinctions. An increasing number of studies have documented evolutionary changes in traits such as phenology and...

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Published in:Integrative zoology 2018-07, Vol.13 (4), p.372-391
Main Authors: MEESTER, Luc De, STOKS, Robby, BRANS, Kristien I.
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Language:English
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description Climate change profoundly impacts ecosystems and their biota, resulting in range shifts, novel interactions, food web alterations, changed intensities of host—parasite interactions, and extinctions. An increasing number of studies have documented evolutionary changes in traits such as phenology and thermal tolerance. In this opinion paper, we argue that, while evolutionary responses have the potential to provide a buffer against extinctions or range shifts, a number of constraints and complexities blur this simple prediction. First, there are limits to evolutionary potential both in terms of genetic variation and demographic effects, and these limits differ strongly among taxa and populations. Second, there can be costs associated with genetic adaptation, such as a reduced evolutionary potential towards other (human‐induced) environmental stressors or direct fitness costs due to tradeoffs. Third, the differential capacity of taxa to genetically respond to climate change results in novel interactions because different organism groups respond to a different degree with local compared to regional (dispersal and range shift) responses. These complexities result in additional changes in the selection pressures on populations. We conclude that evolution can provide an initial buffer against climate change for some taxa and populations but does not guarantee their survival. It does not necessarily result in reduced extinction risks across the range of taxa in a region or continent. Yet, considering evolution is crucial, as it is likely to strongly change how biota will respond to climate change and will impact which taxa will be the winners or losers at the local, metacommunity and regional scales.
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subjects Adaptation, Biological - genetics
Animal Distribution
Animals
Biological Evolution
Biota
Capacity
Climate Change
Costs
Dispersal
Ecosystems
Environmental impact
Environmental stress
Evolution
evolutionary constraints
evolutionary rescue
evolving metacommunities
extinction risk
Extinction, Biological
Food webs
Genetic diversity
Genetic Variation
Interactions
Man-induced effects
Parasites
range shifts
Reproductive fitness
Review
Reviews
Temperature tolerance
Thermal stress
title Genetic adaptation as a biological buffer against climate change: Potential and limitations
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