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The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic

A kinship between cranial and pelvic visceral nerves of vertebrates has been accepted for a century. Accordingly, sacral preganglionic neurons are considered parasympathetic, as are their targets in the pelvic ganglia that prominently control rectal, bladder, and genital functions. Here, we uncover...

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Published in:	Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 2016-11, Vol.354 (6314), p.893-897
Main Authors:	Espinosa-Medina, I, Saha, O, Boismoreau, F, Chettouh, Z, Rossi, F, Richardson, W D, Brunet, J-F
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Subjects:	Anatomy Anatomy & physiology Animals Autonomic nervous system Confusion Evolution Ganglia, Sympathetic - cytology Ganglia, Sympathetic - embryology Ganglia, Sympathetic - physiology Mice Molecular biology Nerves Nervous system Neurons Neurons - metabolism Neurons - physiology Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I - metabolism Outflow Parasympathetic Nervous System - anatomy & histology Parasympathetic Nervous System - embryology Parasympathetic Nervous System - physiology Pelvis - anatomy & histology Pelvis - embryology Pelvis - innervation Sacrum - anatomy & histology Sacrum - embryology Sacrum - innervation Spinal Nerves - physiology Sympathetic Nervous System - anatomy & histology Sympathetic Nervous System - embryology Sympathetic Nervous System - physiology Thorax - innervation Transcription, Genetic Vertebrates Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins - metabolism
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description	A kinship between cranial and pelvic visceral nerves of vertebrates has been accepted for a century. Accordingly, sacral preganglionic neurons are considered parasympathetic, as are their targets in the pelvic ganglia that prominently control rectal, bladder, and genital functions. Here, we uncover 15 phenotypic and ontogenetic features that distinguish pre- and postganglionic neurons of the cranial parasympathetic outflow from those of the thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow in mice. By every single one, the sacral outflow is indistinguishable from the thoracolumbar outflow. Thus, the parasympathetic nervous system receives input from cranial nerves exclusively and the sympathetic nervous system from spinal nerves, thoracic to sacral inclusively. This simplified, bipartite architecture offers a new framework to understand pelvic neurophysiology as well as development and evolution of the autonomic nervous system.
doi_str_mv	10.1126/science.aah5454
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source	Science Magazine; Alma/SFX Local Collection; JSTOR
subjects	Anatomy Anatomy & physiology Animals Autonomic nervous system Confusion Evolution Ganglia, Sympathetic - cytology Ganglia, Sympathetic - embryology Ganglia, Sympathetic - physiology Mice Molecular biology Nerves Nervous system Neurons Neurons - metabolism Neurons - physiology Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I - metabolism Outflow Parasympathetic Nervous System - anatomy & histology Parasympathetic Nervous System - embryology Parasympathetic Nervous System - physiology Pelvis - anatomy & histology Pelvis - embryology Pelvis - innervation Sacrum - anatomy & histology Sacrum - embryology Sacrum - innervation Spinal Nerves - physiology Sympathetic Nervous System - anatomy & histology Sympathetic Nervous System - embryology Sympathetic Nervous System - physiology Thorax - innervation Transcription, Genetic Vertebrates Vesicular Acetylcholine Transport Proteins - metabolism
title	The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic
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