A heartfelt message, estrogen replacement therapy: use it or lose it

The issue of cardiovascular and cognitive health in women is complex. During the premenopausal phase of life, women have healthy blood pressure levels that are lower than those of age-matched men, and they have less cardiovascular disease. However, in the postmenopausal stage of life, blood pressure...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 2018-12, Vol.315 (6), p.H1765-H1778
Main Authors: Speth, Robert C, D'Ambra, Mikayla, Ji, Hong, Sandberg, Kathryn
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Blood pressure
Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control
Cognitive ability
Complications
Dementia - prevention & control
Dementia disorders
Estradiol - administration & dosage
Estradiol - adverse effects
Estradiol - therapeutic use
Estrogen replacement therapy
Estrogen Replacement Therapy - adverse effects
Estrogen Replacement Therapy - methods
Estrogens
Female
Hormone replacement therapy
Humans
Menopause
Post-menopause
Progestin
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Review
Therapy
Womens health
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Summary:The issue of cardiovascular and cognitive health in women is complex. During the premenopausal phase of life, women have healthy blood pressure levels that are lower than those of age-matched men, and they have less cardiovascular disease. However, in the postmenopausal stage of life, blood pressure in women increases, and they are increasingly susceptible to cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairments, and dementia, exceeding the incidence in men. The major difference between pre- and postmenopausal women is the loss of estrogen. Thus, it seemed logical that postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy, with or without progestin, generally referred to as menopausal hormone treatment (MHT), would prevent these adverse sequelae. However, despite initially promising results, a major randomized clinical trial refuted the benefits of MHT, leading to its falling from favor. However, reappraisal of this study in the framework of a "critical window," or "timing hypothesis," has changed our perspective on the benefit-to-risk ratio of MHT, and this review discusses the historical, current, and future approaches to MHT.
ISSN:0363-6135
1522-1539
DOI:10.1152/ajpheart.00041.2018