Encephalopathy in a Large Cohort of British Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy With Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy Patients

• Published in: Stroke (1970) 2019-02, Vol.50 (2), p.283-290
• Main Authors: Drazyk, Anna M, Tan, Rhea Y.Y, Tay, Jonathan, Traylor, Matthew, Das, Tilak, Markus, Hugh S
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Brain - diagnostic imaging; Brain - pathology; Brain Edema - etiology; CADASIL - diagnostic imaging; CADASIL - genetics; CADASIL - pathology; Cortical Spreading Depression; Delayed Diagnosis; Electroencephalography; Female; Hallucinations - etiology; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Migraine Disorders - etiology; Mutation, Missense; Neuroimaging; Original Contributions; Receptor, Notch3 - genetics; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Seizures - etiology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0039-2499; 1524-4628
• DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023661

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE—Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is the most common monogenic form of stroke usually presenting with migraine with aura, lacunar infarcts, and cognitive impairment. Acute encephalopathy is a less recognized presentation of the disease. METHODS—Data collected prospectively from 340 consecutively recruited symptomatic patients with diagnosis of CADASIL seen in a British National CADASIL clinic was retrospectively reviewed and original clinical records and imaging obtained. An encephalopathic event was defined as an acute event of an altered state of consciousness in a patient with CADASIL, manifesting with signs of brain dysfunction, which warranted hospital admission in the absence of any other cause. Clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcome of encephalopathic presentations were studied. RESULTS—A total of 35 of 340 (10.3%) participants had a history of 50 encephalopathic events which was the first hospital presentation of CADASIL in 33 (94.3%) patients. Most commonly reported features during episodes were visual hallucinations (44%), seizures (22%), and focal neurological deficits (60%).Complete recovery within 3 months was reported in 48(96%) episodes. In 62% of episodes, there was a history of migraine or migraine aura directly preceding the encephalopathy. In 2 out of 15 cases where magnetic resonance imaging during episodes was available, unilateral focal cortical swelling was seen. A past history of migraine was independently associated with encephalopathy (odds ratio=12.3 [95% CI, 1.6–93.7]; P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS—In up to 10% of CADASIL patients, a reversible encephalopathy is the first presentation leading to diagnosis. The strong association with migraine suggests a shared pathogenesis. Focal cortical swelling may be seen on magnetic resonance imaging during the acute episode.