Mechanistic Insight into the [4 + 2] Diels–Alder Cycloaddition over First Row d‑Block Cation-Exchanged Faujasites

• Published in: ACS catalysis 2019-01, Vol.9 (1), p.376-391
• Main Authors: Rohling, Roderigh Y, Tranca, Ionut C, Hensen, Emiel J. M, Pidko, Evgeny A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• ISSN: 2155-5435; 2155-5435
• DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03482

The Diels–Alder cycloaddition (DAC) is a powerful tool to construct C–C bonds. The DAC reaction can be accelerated in several ways, one of which is reactant confinement as observed in supramolecular complexes and Diels–Alderases. Another method is altering the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the reactants by using homogeneous transition-metal complexes whose active sites exhibit d-orbitals suitable for net-bonding orbital interactions with the substrates. Both features can be combined in first row d-block (TM) exchanged faujasite catalysts where the zeolite framework acts as a stabilizing ligand for the active site while confining the reactants. Herein, we report on a mechanistic and periodic DFT study on TM-(Cu­(I), Cu­(II), Zn­(II), Ni­(II), Cr­(III), Sc­(III), V­(V))­exchanged faujasites to elucidate the effect of d-shell filling on the DAC reaction between 2,5-dimethylfuran and ethylene. Two pathways were found: one being the concerted one-step and the other being the stepwise two-step pathway. A decrease in d-shell filling results in a concomitant increase in reactant activation as evidenced by increasingly narrow energy gaps and lower activation barriers. For models holding relatively small d-block cations, the zeolite framework was found to bias the DAC reaction toward an asynchronous one-step pathway instead of the two-step pathway. This work is an example of how the active site properties and the surrounding chemical environment influence the reaction mechanism of chemical transformations.