Thermally Induced Structural Transitions of Nylon 4 9 as a New Example of Even⁻Odd Polyamides

• Published in: Polymers 2018-02, Vol.10 (2), p.198
• Main Authors: Olmo, Cristian, Casas, Maria Teresa, Martínez, Juan Carlos, Franco, Lourdes, Puiggalí, Jordi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Cooling rate; Crystal structure; crystalline structure; Crystallinity; Crystallization; Diffraction; Diffraction patterns; Dilution; Electron diffraction; Enginyeria química; Hidrogen; Hydrogen bonding; Hydrogen bonds; lamellar morphology; Morphology; Nylon 4; Poliamides; Polyamide resins; Polyamides; Radiació de sincrotró; Spherulites; Synchrotron radiation; Temperature dependence; thermal transitions; Unit cell; X-ray diffraction; Àrees temàtiques de la UPC
• ISSN: 2073-4360; 2073-4360
• DOI: 10.3390/polym10020198

Crystalline morphology and structure of nylon 4 9 have been studied by means of optical and transmission electron microscopies, and X-ray diffraction. Rhombic crystals were characteristic of crystallization from glycerin dilute solutions, although the final morphology was dependent on the crystallization temperature. In any case, a single electron diffraction pattern was always obtained, being characteristic a 2 symmetry and reflections at spacings that were indicative of a projected rectangular unit cell with hydrogen bonds established along two planar directions (i.e., the diagonals of the unit cell), as it was determined from related polyamides. Crystallization from the melt gave rise to negative birefringent spherulites with a morphology (axialitic, speckled or ringed) that was dependent on the crystallization temperature. Kinetic analysis indicated that melt crystallization took place according to two growth mechanisms (Regimes II and III), which reflect distinct secondary nucleation rates. A complex polymorphic behavior on heating and cooling processes was evidenced by real time synchrotron experiments, being determined an intermediate crystalline structure as well as the typical pseudohexagonal arrangement associated to the Brill transition. Polymorphic transitions were highly dependent on the initial crystalline structure, being enhanced the structural transition from the low temperature structure to the intermediate one when traces of the latter were initially present. Calorimetric and infrared studies supported also the detected thermal transitions of nylon 4 9.