Cytokines and beyond: Regulation of innate immune responses during helminth infection

Parasitic helminth infection elicits a type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. During type 2 inflammation, damaged or stimulated epithelial cells exposed to helminths and their products produce alarmins and cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These factors pro...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cytokine (Philadelphia, Pa.) Pa.), 2020-09, Vol.133, p.154527-154527, Article 154527
Main Authors: Oyesola, Oyebola O., Früh, Simon P., Webb, Lauren M., Tait Wojno, Elia D.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Cytokines - immunology
Eicosanoid
Epithelial cell-derived cytokine
Helminth
Helminthiasis - immunology
Helminthiasis - parasitology
Helminths - immunology
Humans
Immunity, Innate - immunology
Inflammation - immunology
Inflammation - parasitology
Innate immune cell
Notch
Th2 Cells - immunology
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Summary:Parasitic helminth infection elicits a type 2 cytokine-mediated inflammatory response. During type 2 inflammation, damaged or stimulated epithelial cells exposed to helminths and their products produce alarmins and cytokines including IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. These factors promote innate immune cell activation that supports the polarization of CD4+ T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Activated innate and Th2 cells produce the cytokines IL-4, -5, -9, and -13 that perpetuate immune activation and act back on the epithelium to cause goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial cell turnover. Together, these events facilitate worm expulsion and wound healing processes. While the role of Th2 cells in this context has been heavily studied, recent work has revealed that epithelial cell-derived cytokines are drivers of key innate immune responses that are critical for type 2 anti-helminth responses. Cutting-edge studies have begun to fully assess how other factors and pathways, including lipid mediators, chemokines, Fc receptor signaling, danger-associated molecular pattern molecules, and direct cell-cell interactions, also participate in shaping innate cell-mediated type 2 inflammation. In this review, we discuss how these pathways intersect and synergize with pathways controlled by epithelial cell-derived cytokines to coordinate innate immune responses that drive helminth-induced type 2 inflammation.
ISSN:1043-4666
1096-0023
1096-0023
DOI:10.1016/j.cyto.2018.08.021