Loading…

A new acoustic coupling fluid with ability to reduce ultrasound imaging artefacts in brain tumour surgery—a phase I study

Background A novel acoustic coupling fluid (ACF), with the potential to reduce surgically induced image artefacts during intraoperative ultrasound imaging in brain tumour surgery, has been evaluated with respect to image quality and safety in a clinical phase 1 study. Methods Fifteen patients with g...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Acta neurochirurgica 2019-07, Vol.161 (7), p.1475-1486
Main Authors: Unsgård, Geirmund, Sagberg, Lisa Millgård, Müller, Sébastien, Selbekk, Tormod
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c389x-fb19bf5ffb5cf9470e2ba0bc786b61e267d452981ca70b86c2cfde8c17e130093
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c389x-fb19bf5ffb5cf9470e2ba0bc786b61e267d452981ca70b86c2cfde8c17e130093
container_end_page 1486
container_issue 7
container_start_page 1475
container_title Acta neurochirurgica
container_volume 161
creator Unsgård, Geirmund
Sagberg, Lisa Millgård
Müller, Sébastien
Selbekk, Tormod
description Background A novel acoustic coupling fluid (ACF), with the potential to reduce surgically induced image artefacts during intraoperative ultrasound imaging in brain tumour surgery, has been evaluated with respect to image quality and safety in a clinical phase 1 study. Methods Fifteen patients with glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) were included. All adverse events were registered in a 6-month study period. During acquisition of 3D ultrasound image volumes, three different concentrations of the ACF and Ringer’s solution were filled into the resection cavity. The effect of ACF on the ultrasound images was rated by the operating surgeon, and by five independent neurosurgeons evaluating a pair of blinded images from all patients. Images from all patients were analysed by comparing pixel brightness in a noise-affected region and a reference region. Results The operating surgeon deemed the ACF images to have less noise than images obtained with Ringers’s solution. The blinded evaluations by the independent neurosurgeons were significantly in favour of ACF ( p  
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s00701-019-03945-x
format article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6581938</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2232077452</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c389x-fb19bf5ffb5cf9470e2ba0bc786b61e267d452981ca70b86c2cfde8c17e130093</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kUtuFDEQhlsIRELgAiyQJTZsGsp2d9veIEURj0iR2MDast32jKOe7sEPMqNsOAQn5CRUmBAeCzZVturz76r6m-YphZcUQLzKGIC2QFULXHV9u7vXHIPqWIsB7uMZsDywQR41j3K-xBsTHX_YHHFKoaOMHTfXp2T2V8S4peYSHcG8neK8ImGqcSRXsayJsXGKZU_KQpIfq_OkTiWZvNR5JHFjVje8ScUH40omcSY2GYylbpaaSK5p5dP--9dvhmzXJntyTnKp4_5x8yCYKfsnt_mk-fT2zcez9-3Fh3fnZ6cXreNS7dpgqbKhD8H2LqhOgGfWgHVCDnagng1i7HqmJHVGgJWDYy6MXjoqPOUAip80rw-622o3fnR-xu4nvU3Ye9rrxUT9d2WOa71avuihl1RxiQIvbgXS8rn6XPQmZuenycwe96YZ4wyEwC4Qff4Peok7mHE8pNigQMoekGIHyqUl5-TDXTMU9I23-uCtRm_1T2_1Dh89-3OMuye_zESAH4CMpRl3_vvv_8j-ALyNs-4</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2226908850</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>A new acoustic coupling fluid with ability to reduce ultrasound imaging artefacts in brain tumour surgery—a phase I study</title><source>Springer Link</source><creator>Unsgård, Geirmund ; Sagberg, Lisa Millgård ; Müller, Sébastien ; Selbekk, Tormod</creator><creatorcontrib>Unsgård, Geirmund ; Sagberg, Lisa Millgård ; Müller, Sébastien ; Selbekk, Tormod</creatorcontrib><description>Background A novel acoustic coupling fluid (ACF), with the potential to reduce surgically induced image artefacts during intraoperative ultrasound imaging in brain tumour surgery, has been evaluated with respect to image quality and safety in a clinical phase 1 study. Methods Fifteen patients with glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) were included. All adverse events were registered in a 6-month study period. During acquisition of 3D ultrasound image volumes, three different concentrations of the ACF and Ringer’s solution were filled into the resection cavity. The effect of ACF on the ultrasound images was rated by the operating surgeon, and by five independent neurosurgeons evaluating a pair of blinded images from all patients. Images from all patients were analysed by comparing pixel brightness in a noise-affected region and a reference region. Results The operating surgeon deemed the ACF images to have less noise than images obtained with Ringers’s solution. The blinded evaluations by the independent neurosurgeons were significantly in favour of ACF ( p  &lt; 0.0001). The analyses of pixel intensities showed that the ACF images had lower amount of noise than images obtained with Ringer’s solution. No radiological sign of inflammation nor circulatory changes was found in the early postoperative MR images. Of the nine complications registered as serious events in the study period, none was deemed to be caused by the ACF. Conclusion The ultrasound (US) images obtained using ACF have significantly less noise than US images obtained with Ringer’s solution. The rate of adverse events was comparable to what has been reported for similar groups of patients.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0001-6268</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 0942-0940</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00701-019-03945-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31104122</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Vienna: Springer Vienna</publisher><subject>Acoustic noise ; Adult ; Artefacts ; Brain cancer ; Brain Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging ; Brain Neoplasms - surgery ; Brain tumors ; Complications ; Female ; Glioblastoma ; Glioblastoma - diagnostic imaging ; Glioblastoma - surgery ; Humans ; Image acquisition ; Image quality ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional - standards ; Interventional Radiology ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine &amp; Public Health ; Middle Aged ; Minimally Invasive Surgery ; Monitoring, Intraoperative - methods ; Monitoring, Intraoperative - standards ; Neuroimaging ; Neurology ; Neuroradiology ; Neurosurgery ; Neurosurgical Procedures - adverse effects ; Neurosurgical Procedures - methods ; Noise ; Original - Brain Tumors ; Original Article - Brain Tumors ; Patients ; Postoperative Complications - epidemiology ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Surgeons ; Surgery ; Surgical Orthopedics ; Ultrasonic imaging ; Ultrasonography - methods ; Ultrasonography - standards ; Ultrasound</subject><ispartof>Acta neurochirurgica, 2019-07, Vol.161 (7), p.1475-1486</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2019</rights><rights>Acta Neurochirurgica is a copyright of Springer, (2019). All Rights Reserved. © 2019. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c389x-fb19bf5ffb5cf9470e2ba0bc786b61e267d452981ca70b86c2cfde8c17e130093</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c389x-fb19bf5ffb5cf9470e2ba0bc786b61e267d452981ca70b86c2cfde8c17e130093</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9689-3821</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27923,27924</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31104122$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Unsgård, Geirmund</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sagberg, Lisa Millgård</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Müller, Sébastien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Selbekk, Tormod</creatorcontrib><title>A new acoustic coupling fluid with ability to reduce ultrasound imaging artefacts in brain tumour surgery—a phase I study</title><title>Acta neurochirurgica</title><addtitle>Acta Neurochir</addtitle><addtitle>Acta Neurochir (Wien)</addtitle><description>Background A novel acoustic coupling fluid (ACF), with the potential to reduce surgically induced image artefacts during intraoperative ultrasound imaging in brain tumour surgery, has been evaluated with respect to image quality and safety in a clinical phase 1 study. Methods Fifteen patients with glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) were included. All adverse events were registered in a 6-month study period. During acquisition of 3D ultrasound image volumes, three different concentrations of the ACF and Ringer’s solution were filled into the resection cavity. The effect of ACF on the ultrasound images was rated by the operating surgeon, and by five independent neurosurgeons evaluating a pair of blinded images from all patients. Images from all patients were analysed by comparing pixel brightness in a noise-affected region and a reference region. Results The operating surgeon deemed the ACF images to have less noise than images obtained with Ringers’s solution. The blinded evaluations by the independent neurosurgeons were significantly in favour of ACF ( p  &lt; 0.0001). The analyses of pixel intensities showed that the ACF images had lower amount of noise than images obtained with Ringer’s solution. No radiological sign of inflammation nor circulatory changes was found in the early postoperative MR images. Of the nine complications registered as serious events in the study period, none was deemed to be caused by the ACF. Conclusion The ultrasound (US) images obtained using ACF have significantly less noise than US images obtained with Ringer’s solution. The rate of adverse events was comparable to what has been reported for similar groups of patients.</description><subject>Acoustic noise</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Artefacts</subject><subject>Brain cancer</subject><subject>Brain Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Brain Neoplasms - surgery</subject><subject>Brain tumors</subject><subject>Complications</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Glioblastoma</subject><subject>Glioblastoma - diagnostic imaging</subject><subject>Glioblastoma - surgery</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Image acquisition</subject><subject>Image quality</subject><subject>Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods</subject><subject>Imaging, Three-Dimensional - standards</subject><subject>Interventional Radiology</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine &amp; Public Health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Minimally Invasive Surgery</subject><subject>Monitoring, Intraoperative - methods</subject><subject>Monitoring, Intraoperative - standards</subject><subject>Neuroimaging</subject><subject>Neurology</subject><subject>Neuroradiology</subject><subject>Neurosurgery</subject><subject>Neurosurgical Procedures - adverse effects</subject><subject>Neurosurgical Procedures - methods</subject><subject>Noise</subject><subject>Original - Brain Tumors</subject><subject>Original Article - Brain Tumors</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Postoperative Complications - epidemiology</subject><subject>Signal-To-Noise Ratio</subject><subject>Surgeons</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><subject>Surgical Orthopedics</subject><subject>Ultrasonic imaging</subject><subject>Ultrasonography - methods</subject><subject>Ultrasonography - standards</subject><subject>Ultrasound</subject><issn>0001-6268</issn><issn>0942-0940</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kUtuFDEQhlsIRELgAiyQJTZsGsp2d9veIEURj0iR2MDast32jKOe7sEPMqNsOAQn5CRUmBAeCzZVturz76r6m-YphZcUQLzKGIC2QFULXHV9u7vXHIPqWIsB7uMZsDywQR41j3K-xBsTHX_YHHFKoaOMHTfXp2T2V8S4peYSHcG8neK8ImGqcSRXsayJsXGKZU_KQpIfq_OkTiWZvNR5JHFjVje8ScUH40omcSY2GYylbpaaSK5p5dP--9dvhmzXJntyTnKp4_5x8yCYKfsnt_mk-fT2zcez9-3Fh3fnZ6cXreNS7dpgqbKhD8H2LqhOgGfWgHVCDnagng1i7HqmJHVGgJWDYy6MXjoqPOUAip80rw-622o3fnR-xu4nvU3Ye9rrxUT9d2WOa71avuihl1RxiQIvbgXS8rn6XPQmZuenycwe96YZ4wyEwC4Qff4Peok7mHE8pNigQMoekGIHyqUl5-TDXTMU9I23-uCtRm_1T2_1Dh89-3OMuye_zESAH4CMpRl3_vvv_8j-ALyNs-4</recordid><startdate>20190701</startdate><enddate>20190701</enddate><creator>Unsgård, Geirmund</creator><creator>Sagberg, Lisa Millgård</creator><creator>Müller, Sébastien</creator><creator>Selbekk, Tormod</creator><general>Springer Vienna</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-3821</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20190701</creationdate><title>A new acoustic coupling fluid with ability to reduce ultrasound imaging artefacts in brain tumour surgery—a phase I study</title><author>Unsgård, Geirmund ; Sagberg, Lisa Millgård ; Müller, Sébastien ; Selbekk, Tormod</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c389x-fb19bf5ffb5cf9470e2ba0bc786b61e267d452981ca70b86c2cfde8c17e130093</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Acoustic noise</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Artefacts</topic><topic>Brain cancer</topic><topic>Brain Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Brain Neoplasms - surgery</topic><topic>Brain tumors</topic><topic>Complications</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Glioblastoma</topic><topic>Glioblastoma - diagnostic imaging</topic><topic>Glioblastoma - surgery</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Image acquisition</topic><topic>Image quality</topic><topic>Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods</topic><topic>Imaging, Three-Dimensional - standards</topic><topic>Interventional Radiology</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine &amp; Public Health</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Minimally Invasive Surgery</topic><topic>Monitoring, Intraoperative - methods</topic><topic>Monitoring, Intraoperative - standards</topic><topic>Neuroimaging</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>Neuroradiology</topic><topic>Neurosurgery</topic><topic>Neurosurgical Procedures - adverse effects</topic><topic>Neurosurgical Procedures - methods</topic><topic>Noise</topic><topic>Original - Brain Tumors</topic><topic>Original Article - Brain Tumors</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Postoperative Complications - epidemiology</topic><topic>Signal-To-Noise Ratio</topic><topic>Surgeons</topic><topic>Surgery</topic><topic>Surgical Orthopedics</topic><topic>Ultrasonic imaging</topic><topic>Ultrasonography - methods</topic><topic>Ultrasonography - standards</topic><topic>Ultrasound</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Unsgård, Geirmund</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sagberg, Lisa Millgård</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Müller, Sébastien</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Selbekk, Tormod</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Complete (ProQuest Database)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Acta neurochirurgica</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Unsgård, Geirmund</au><au>Sagberg, Lisa Millgård</au><au>Müller, Sébastien</au><au>Selbekk, Tormod</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>A new acoustic coupling fluid with ability to reduce ultrasound imaging artefacts in brain tumour surgery—a phase I study</atitle><jtitle>Acta neurochirurgica</jtitle><stitle>Acta Neurochir</stitle><addtitle>Acta Neurochir (Wien)</addtitle><date>2019-07-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>161</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>1475</spage><epage>1486</epage><pages>1475-1486</pages><issn>0001-6268</issn><eissn>0942-0940</eissn><abstract>Background A novel acoustic coupling fluid (ACF), with the potential to reduce surgically induced image artefacts during intraoperative ultrasound imaging in brain tumour surgery, has been evaluated with respect to image quality and safety in a clinical phase 1 study. Methods Fifteen patients with glioblastoma (WHO grade IV) were included. All adverse events were registered in a 6-month study period. During acquisition of 3D ultrasound image volumes, three different concentrations of the ACF and Ringer’s solution were filled into the resection cavity. The effect of ACF on the ultrasound images was rated by the operating surgeon, and by five independent neurosurgeons evaluating a pair of blinded images from all patients. Images from all patients were analysed by comparing pixel brightness in a noise-affected region and a reference region. Results The operating surgeon deemed the ACF images to have less noise than images obtained with Ringers’s solution. The blinded evaluations by the independent neurosurgeons were significantly in favour of ACF ( p  &lt; 0.0001). The analyses of pixel intensities showed that the ACF images had lower amount of noise than images obtained with Ringer’s solution. No radiological sign of inflammation nor circulatory changes was found in the early postoperative MR images. Of the nine complications registered as serious events in the study period, none was deemed to be caused by the ACF. Conclusion The ultrasound (US) images obtained using ACF have significantly less noise than US images obtained with Ringer’s solution. The rate of adverse events was comparable to what has been reported for similar groups of patients.</abstract><cop>Vienna</cop><pub>Springer Vienna</pub><pmid>31104122</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00701-019-03945-x</doi><tpages>12</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9689-3821</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0001-6268
ispartof Acta neurochirurgica, 2019-07, Vol.161 (7), p.1475-1486
issn 0001-6268
0942-0940
language eng
recordid cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6581938
source Springer Link
subjects Acoustic noise
Adult
Artefacts
Brain cancer
Brain Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging
Brain Neoplasms - surgery
Brain tumors
Complications
Female
Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma - diagnostic imaging
Glioblastoma - surgery
Humans
Image acquisition
Image quality
Imaging, Three-Dimensional - methods
Imaging, Three-Dimensional - standards
Interventional Radiology
Male
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Middle Aged
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Monitoring, Intraoperative - methods
Monitoring, Intraoperative - standards
Neuroimaging
Neurology
Neuroradiology
Neurosurgery
Neurosurgical Procedures - adverse effects
Neurosurgical Procedures - methods
Noise
Original - Brain Tumors
Original Article - Brain Tumors
Patients
Postoperative Complications - epidemiology
Signal-To-Noise Ratio
Surgeons
Surgery
Surgical Orthopedics
Ultrasonic imaging
Ultrasonography - methods
Ultrasonography - standards
Ultrasound
title A new acoustic coupling fluid with ability to reduce ultrasound imaging artefacts in brain tumour surgery—a phase I study
url http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-10T12%3A52%3A49IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A%20new%20acoustic%20coupling%20fluid%20with%20ability%20to%20reduce%20ultrasound%20imaging%20artefacts%20in%20brain%20tumour%20surgery%E2%80%94a%20phase%20I%20study&rft.jtitle=Acta%20neurochirurgica&rft.au=Unsg%C3%A5rd,%20Geirmund&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=7&rft.spage=1475&rft.epage=1486&rft.pages=1475-1486&rft.issn=0001-6268&rft.eissn=0942-0940&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007/s00701-019-03945-x&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2232077452%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c389x-fb19bf5ffb5cf9470e2ba0bc786b61e267d452981ca70b86c2cfde8c17e130093%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2226908850&rft_id=info:pmid/31104122&rfr_iscdi=true