The Epidemiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Population‐Based Study

• Published in: Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) N.J.), 2019-09, Vol.71 (9), p.1545-1552
• Main Authors: Duarte‐García, Ali, Pham, Michael M., Crowson, Cynthia S., Amin, Shreyasee, Moder, Kevin G., Pruthi, Rajiv K., Warrington, Kenneth J., Matteson, Eric. L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Antibodies; Antibodies, Anticardiolipin - blood; Anticoagulants; Antiphospholipid syndrome; Antiphospholipid Syndrome - blood; Antiphospholipid Syndrome - epidemiology; Antiphospholipid Syndrome - immunology; Australia - epidemiology; Autoantibodies - blood; Autoimmune diseases; beta 2-Glycoprotein I - immunology; Cardiolipin; Chronic conditions; Confidence intervals; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Female; Glycoprotein I; Glycoproteins; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Immunoglobulin M - blood; Incidence; Lupus; Lupus Coagulation Inhibitor - blood; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic - blood; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic - epidemiology; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic - immunology; Male; Medical records; Mortality; Patients; Population; Population studies; Population-based studies; Prevalence; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Thromboembolism; Thrombosis; Venous Thrombosis - blood; Venous Thrombosis - epidemiology; Venous Thrombosis - immunology; Young Adult
• ISSN: 2326-5191; 2326-5205
• DOI: 10.1002/art.40901

Objective To estimate the annual incidence and prevalence of and frequency of mortality associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Methods An inception cohort of patients with incident APS in 2000–2015 from a geographically well‐defined population was identified based on comprehensive individual medical records review. All cases met the 2006 Sydney criteria for APS (primary definition) or had a diagnosis of APS confirmed by physician consensus (secondary definition). Levels of lupus anticoagulant, IgM and IgG anticardiolipin antibodies, and anti–β2‐glycoprotein I antibodies were tested in a centralized laboratory. Incidence rates were age‐ and sex‐adjusted to the 2010 US white population. Prevalence estimates were obtained from the incidence rates, assuming that there was no increased mortality associated with APS and that migration in or out of the area was independent of disease status. Results Among this cohort in 2000–2015, 33 cases of incident APS, as defined by the Sydney criteria, were identified (mean age of patients 54.2 years; 55% female, 97% white). The annual incidence of APS in adults ages ≥18 years was 2.1 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.4–2.8) per 100,000 population. Incidence rates were similar in both sexes. The estimated prevalence of APS was 50 (95% CI 42–58) per 100,000 population, and was similar in both sexes. Six patients (18%) had a concurrent diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus. The most frequent clinical manifestation was deep vein thrombosis. The overall frequency of mortality among patients with APS was not significantly different from that in the general population (standardized mortality ratio 1.61, 95% CI 0.74–3.05). Conclusion APS occurred in ~2 persons per 100,000 population per year. The estimated prevalence was 50 per 100,000 population. Overall mortality was not notably different from that observed in the general population.