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Unconventional natural gas development and adverse birth outcomes in Pennsylvania: The potential mediating role of antenatal anxiety and depression

Studies have reported associations between unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) and adverse birth outcomes. None have evaluated potential mediating mechanisms. To evaluate associations between (1) UNGD and antenatal anxiety and depression and (2) antenatal anxiety and depression and preterm...

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Published in:Environmental research 2019-10, Vol.177, p.108598-108598, Article 108598
Main Authors: Casey, Joan A., Goin, Dana E., Rudolph, Kara E., Schwartz, Brian S., Mercer, Dione, Elser, Holly, Eisen, Ellen A., Morello-Frosch, Rachel
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cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c463t-9e1d3c3bdeb4bd8ff9451645432aba6a3e0c532624dafbfdf31331198118ada13
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container_title Environmental research
container_volume 177
creator Casey, Joan A.
Goin, Dana E.
Rudolph, Kara E.
Schwartz, Brian S.
Mercer, Dione
Elser, Holly
Eisen, Ellen A.
Morello-Frosch, Rachel
description Studies have reported associations between unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) and adverse birth outcomes. None have evaluated potential mediating mechanisms. To evaluate associations between (1) UNGD and antenatal anxiety and depression and (2) antenatal anxiety and depression and preterm birth (
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None have evaluated potential mediating mechanisms. To evaluate associations between (1) UNGD and antenatal anxiety and depression and (2) antenatal anxiety and depression and preterm birth (&lt;37 weeks gestation) and reduced term birth weight, (3) stochastic direct and indirect effects of UNGD on preterm birth and term birth weight operating through antenatal anxiety and depression, and (4) effect modification by family-level socioeconomic status. This retrospective cohort study included mothers without prevalent anxiety or depression at time of conception, who delivered at Geisinger in Pennsylvania between January 2009–January 2013. We assembled phase-specific UNGD activity data from public sources. Mothers were categorized as exposed (quartile 4) or unexposed (quartiles 1–3) based on average daily inverse distance-squared UNGD activity metric between conception and the week prior to anxiety or depression (cases) or the pregnancy-average daily metric (non-cases). We estimated associations with a doubly robust estimator (targeted minimum loss-based estimation) and adjusted for potential individual- and community-level confounding variables. Analyses included 8,371 births to 7,715 mothers, 12.2% of whom had antenatal anxiety or depression. We found 4.3 additional cases of antenatal anxiety or depression per 100 women (95% CI: 1.5, 7.0) under the scenario where all mothers lived in the highest quartile of UNGD activity versus quartiles 1–3. The risk difference appeared larger among mothers receiving Medical Assistance (indicator of low family income) compared to those who did not, 5.6 (95% CI: 0.5, 10.6) versus 2.9 (95% CI: -0.7, 6.5) additional cases of antenatal anxiety or depression per 100 women. We found no relationship between antenatal anxiety or depression and adverse birth outcomes and no mediation effect either overall or when stratifying by Medical Assistance. We observed a relationship between UNGD activity and antenatal anxiety and depression, which did not mediate the overall association between UNGD activity and adverse birth outcomes. [Display omitted] •Unconventional natural gas development has been linked to adverse birth outcomes.•No studies have considered the role of antenatal mental health.•Unconventional natural gas development was associated with antenatal anxiety or depression.•This association did not mediate the original exposure-birth outcome relationship.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0013-9351</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1096-0953</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108598</identifier><identifier>PMID: 31357155</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Anxiety ; Depression ; Depressive disorder ; Female ; Humans ; Hydraulic fracking ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Maternal Exposure - statistics &amp; numerical data ; Maternal health ; Natural Gas ; Pennsylvania ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications - epidemiology ; Pregnancy Outcome - epidemiology ; Premature Birth ; Retrospective Studies ; Social class</subject><ispartof>Environmental research, 2019-10, Vol.177, p.108598-108598, Article 108598</ispartof><rights>2019 Elsevier Inc.</rights><rights>Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. 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None have evaluated potential mediating mechanisms. To evaluate associations between (1) UNGD and antenatal anxiety and depression and (2) antenatal anxiety and depression and preterm birth (&lt;37 weeks gestation) and reduced term birth weight, (3) stochastic direct and indirect effects of UNGD on preterm birth and term birth weight operating through antenatal anxiety and depression, and (4) effect modification by family-level socioeconomic status. This retrospective cohort study included mothers without prevalent anxiety or depression at time of conception, who delivered at Geisinger in Pennsylvania between January 2009–January 2013. We assembled phase-specific UNGD activity data from public sources. Mothers were categorized as exposed (quartile 4) or unexposed (quartiles 1–3) based on average daily inverse distance-squared UNGD activity metric between conception and the week prior to anxiety or depression (cases) or the pregnancy-average daily metric (non-cases). We estimated associations with a doubly robust estimator (targeted minimum loss-based estimation) and adjusted for potential individual- and community-level confounding variables. Analyses included 8,371 births to 7,715 mothers, 12.2% of whom had antenatal anxiety or depression. We found 4.3 additional cases of antenatal anxiety or depression per 100 women (95% CI: 1.5, 7.0) under the scenario where all mothers lived in the highest quartile of UNGD activity versus quartiles 1–3. The risk difference appeared larger among mothers receiving Medical Assistance (indicator of low family income) compared to those who did not, 5.6 (95% CI: 0.5, 10.6) versus 2.9 (95% CI: -0.7, 6.5) additional cases of antenatal anxiety or depression per 100 women. We found no relationship between antenatal anxiety or depression and adverse birth outcomes and no mediation effect either overall or when stratifying by Medical Assistance. We observed a relationship between UNGD activity and antenatal anxiety and depression, which did not mediate the overall association between UNGD activity and adverse birth outcomes. 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None have evaluated potential mediating mechanisms. To evaluate associations between (1) UNGD and antenatal anxiety and depression and (2) antenatal anxiety and depression and preterm birth (&lt;37 weeks gestation) and reduced term birth weight, (3) stochastic direct and indirect effects of UNGD on preterm birth and term birth weight operating through antenatal anxiety and depression, and (4) effect modification by family-level socioeconomic status. This retrospective cohort study included mothers without prevalent anxiety or depression at time of conception, who delivered at Geisinger in Pennsylvania between January 2009–January 2013. We assembled phase-specific UNGD activity data from public sources. Mothers were categorized as exposed (quartile 4) or unexposed (quartiles 1–3) based on average daily inverse distance-squared UNGD activity metric between conception and the week prior to anxiety or depression (cases) or the pregnancy-average daily metric (non-cases). We estimated associations with a doubly robust estimator (targeted minimum loss-based estimation) and adjusted for potential individual- and community-level confounding variables. Analyses included 8,371 births to 7,715 mothers, 12.2% of whom had antenatal anxiety or depression. We found 4.3 additional cases of antenatal anxiety or depression per 100 women (95% CI: 1.5, 7.0) under the scenario where all mothers lived in the highest quartile of UNGD activity versus quartiles 1–3. The risk difference appeared larger among mothers receiving Medical Assistance (indicator of low family income) compared to those who did not, 5.6 (95% CI: 0.5, 10.6) versus 2.9 (95% CI: -0.7, 6.5) additional cases of antenatal anxiety or depression per 100 women. We found no relationship between antenatal anxiety or depression and adverse birth outcomes and no mediation effect either overall or when stratifying by Medical Assistance. We observed a relationship between UNGD activity and antenatal anxiety and depression, which did not mediate the overall association between UNGD activity and adverse birth outcomes. [Display omitted] •Unconventional natural gas development has been linked to adverse birth outcomes.•No studies have considered the role of antenatal mental health.•Unconventional natural gas development was associated with antenatal anxiety or depression.•This association did not mediate the original exposure-birth outcome relationship.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>31357155</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.envres.2019.108598</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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ispartof Environmental research, 2019-10, Vol.177, p.108598-108598, Article 108598
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source Elsevier
subjects Anxiety
Depression
Depressive disorder
Female
Humans
Hydraulic fracking
Infant, Newborn
Male
Maternal Exposure - statistics & numerical data
Maternal health
Natural Gas
Pennsylvania
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Complications - epidemiology
Pregnancy Outcome - epidemiology
Premature Birth
Retrospective Studies
Social class
title Unconventional natural gas development and adverse birth outcomes in Pennsylvania: The potential mediating role of antenatal anxiety and depression
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