Sedimentology and chemostratigraphy of the terminal Ediacaran Dengying Formation at the Gaojiashan section, south China

• Published in: Geological magazine 2019-11, Vol.156 (11), p.1924-1948
• Main Authors: Cui, Huan, Xiao, Shuhai, Cai Yaoping, Cai Yaoping, Peek, Sara, Plummer, Rebecca E, Kaufman, Alan J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Age; Algae; alkaline earth metals; Alkalinity; Animals; Anoxia; Aragonite; Asia; biogenic structures; Breccia; C-13/C-12; carbon; carbonate rocks; Carbonates; Cements; Chemical analysis; chemostratigraphy; China; Dengying Formation; depositional environment; Dolomite; Dolostone; east-central China; Ecosystems; Ediacaran; Far East; Fossils; Geological time; isotope ratios; isotopes; lithostratigraphy; marine environment; metals; Neoproterozoic; O-18/O-16; Organic carbon; Organic chemistry; oxygen; paleoenvironment; Precambrian; Precipitates; Profiles; Proterozoic; Pyrite; S-34/S-32; Seawater; Sedimentary facies; sedimentary rocks; sedimentary structures; Sedimentology; Sediments; Shaanxi China; Sinian; Sr-87/Sr-86; stable isotopes; Stratigraphy; strontium; Strontium 87; Strontium isotopes; sulfur; Temporal variations; thrombolites; upper Precambrian; Water analysis
• ISSN: 0016-7568; 1469-5081
• DOI: 10.1017/S0016756819000293

The terminal Ediacaran Dengying Formation (c. 551.1-538.8 Ma) in South China is one of two successions where Ediacara-type macrofossils are preserved in carbonate facies along with skeletal fossils and bilaterian animal traces. Given the remarkable thickness of carbonate-bearing strata deposited in less than 12.3 million years, the Dengying Formation holds the potential for construction of a relatively continuous chemostratigraphic profile for the terminal Ediacaran Period. In this study, a detailed sedimentological and chemostratigraphic (δ13Ccarb, δ18Ocarb, δ13Corg, δ34Spyrite, and 87Sr/86Sr) investigation was conducted on the Dengying Formation at the Gaojiashan section, Ningqiang County of southern Shaanxi Province, South China. Sedimentological results reveal an overall shallow-marine depositional environment. Carbonate breccia, void-filling botryoidal precipitates and aragonite crystal fans are common in the Algal Dolomite Member of the Dengying Formation, suggesting that peritidal facies were repeatedly karstified. The timing of karstification was likely early, probably soon after the deposition of the dolomite sediments. The presence of authigenic aragonite cements suggests high alkalinity in the terminal Ediacaran ocean. Geochemical analysis of micro-drilled samples shows that distinct compositions are registered in different carbonate phases, which should be considered when constructing chemostratigraphic profiles representative of true temporal variations in seawater chemistry. Integrated chemostratigraphic data suggest enhanced burial of organic carbon and pyrite, and the occurrence of extensive marine anoxia (at least in the Gaojiashan Member). Rapid basinal subsidence and carbonate accumulation during a time of elevated seawater alkalinity and increased rates of pyrite burial may have facilitated the evolutionary innovation of early biomineralizing metazoans.