Indications for a vertical transmission pathway of piscine myocarditis virus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

• Published in: Journal of fish diseases 2019-06, Vol.42 (6), p.825-833
• Main Authors: Bang Jensen, Britt, Nylund, Stian, Svendsen, Julie Christine, Ski, Paul‐Martin R., Takle, Harald
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Animals; Aquaculture; Breeding stock; Cardiomyopathy; cardiomyopathy syndrome; Cohort Studies; Denmark; Eggs; epidemiology; Fingerlings; Fish; Fish Diseases - transmission; Fish Diseases - virology; Fish hatcheries; Freshwater fishes; Hatcheries; Heart; Heart diseases; Importation; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - veterinary; Larva - virology; Larvae; Life Cycle Stages; Marine fishes; Myocarditis; Myocarditis - veterinary; Myocarditis - virology; Offspring; Original; Outbreaks; Ovum - virology; piscine myocarditis virus; Progeny; RNA Virus Infections - transmission; RNA Virus Infections - veterinary; Roes; Salmo salar; Salmo salar - growth & development; Salmo salar - virology; Salmon; Smolts; Tissue; Totiviridae - physiology; Tropism; Tropisms; vertical transmission; Viral Load; Viruses
• ISSN: 0140-7775; 1365-2761
• DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12990

Losses due to cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) keep increasing in salmon‐producing countries in the North‐Atlantic. Recently, Piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) has been detected in post‐smolts shortly after sea‐transfer, indicating a possible carry‐over from the hatcheries. In addition, there are reports of prevalences of PMCV as high as 70%–90% in certain groups of broodfish, and a recent outbreak of CMS in the Faroe Islands has been linked to the importation of eggs from a CMS‐endemic area. Thus, there is a need to investigate whether PMCV can be transmitted vertically from infected broodstock to their progeny. In the present study, samples from eggs, larvae, fingerlings and presmolt originating from PMCV‐positive broodstock from two commercial Atlantic salmon producers were tested for PMCV. The prevalence of PMCV in the broodstock was 98% in the hearts, 69% in the roe and 59% in the milt. Piscine myocarditis virus was detected in all stages of the progeny until and including the 40 g stage. Piscine myocarditis virus was also detected in presmolt sampled for tissue tropism. This provides farmers with several options for minimizing the risk of transfer of PMCV from broodstock to progeny, including screening of broodstock and aiming to use only those that are negative for PMCV or have low levels of virus.