Sarcodia suieae acetyl-xylogalactan regulate RAW 264.7 macrophage NF-kappa B activation and IL-1 beta cytokine production in macrophage polarization

• Published in: Scientific reports 2019-12, Vol.9 (1), p.19627-10, Article 19627
• Main Authors: Wu, Tsung-Meng, Nan, Fan-Hua, Chen, Kuan-Chu, Wu, Yu-Sheng
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 13/21; 13/95; 14/63; 140/131; 38/91; 631/45/72/1205; 631/61/54/2295; 64/60; Animals; Cell activation; Cholecystokinin; Cytokines; Galactans - chemistry; Galactans - pharmacology; Galactose; Humanities and Social Sciences; IL-1β; Interleukin 1; Interleukin-1beta - metabolism; L-Lactate dehydrogenase; Lactic acid; Macrophages; Macrophages - metabolism; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Mass spectroscopy; Mice; Molecular weight; Monosaccharides; multidisciplinary; NF-kappa B - metabolism; NF-κB protein; NMR; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Phagocytes; Polarization; Polymerase chain reaction; Polysaccharides; RAW 264.7 Cells; Rhodophyta - chemistry; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Xylose
• ISSN: 2045-2322; 2045-2322
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56246-9

In this study, the effects of acetyl-xylogalactan extracted from Sarcodia suieae on RAW 264.7 macrophage polarisation were evaluated. This extracted acetyl-xylogalactan had a monosaccharide composition of 91% galactose and 9% xylose, with polysaccharide and acetyl contents of 80.6% and 19.3%, respectively. MALDI–TOF mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy revealed the molecular weight of the acetyl-xylogalactan to be 88.5 kDa. After acetyl-xylogalactan treatment, RAW 264.7 macrophage polarisation was noted, along with enhanced phagocytic ability. Furthermore, the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was performed and the results demonstrated non-significant alteration in lactate dehydrogenase levels in the treated cells. Next, interleukin (IL) 1β, TNF, and Malt-1 expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with the S. suieae acetyl-xylogalactan was investigated through real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the results demonstrated that S. suieae acetyl-xylogalactan induced IL-1β and Malt-1 expression. RNA sequencing analysis results indicated the S. suieae acetyl-xylogalactan positively regulated cytokine production and secretion, protein secretion, and response to IL-1 activation, based on the observed GO terms. The predicted target genes in the GO enrichment analysis were found to upregulate NF-κB signalling and M0 to M1 macrophage conversion through the observed cytokine production. Thus, acetyl-xylogalactan can positively regulate RAW 264.7 macrophage polarisation.