Impact of infection on transplantation tolerance

Allograft tolerance is the ultimate goal of organ transplantation. Current strategies for tolerance induction mainly focus on inhibiting alloreactive T cells while promoting regulatory immune cells. Pathogenic infections may have direct impact on both effector and regulatory cell populations, theref...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Immunological reviews 2019-11, Vol.292 (1), p.243-263
Main Authors: Yu, Shuangjin, Su, Chang, Luo, Xunrong
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Antigens, Viral - immunology
Chronic infection
co‐stimulation blockade
Cytokines
Cytokines - immunology
Cytokines - metabolism
donor negative vaccine
Gastrointestinal Microbiome - immunology
Graft Rejection - immunology
Humans
Immune system
Immunological tolerance
Immunomodulation
Infections
Inflammation
intestinal microbiota
Intestinal microflora
Intestine
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Microbiota
Models, Immunological
regulatory immune cells
Shape effects
T cells
T-Lymphocytes - immunology
T-Lymphocytes - virology
Transplantation
transplantation tolerance
Transplantation Tolerance - immunology
Virus Diseases - immunology
Virus Diseases - virology
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Summary:Allograft tolerance is the ultimate goal of organ transplantation. Current strategies for tolerance induction mainly focus on inhibiting alloreactive T cells while promoting regulatory immune cells. Pathogenic infections may have direct impact on both effector and regulatory cell populations, therefore can alter host susceptibility to transplantation tolerance induction as well as impair the quality and stability of tolerance once induced. In this review, we will discuss existing data demonstrating the effect of infections on transplantation tolerance, with particular emphasis on the role of the stage of infection (acute, chronic, or latent) and the stage of tolerance (induction or maintenance) in this infection‐tolerance interaction. While the deleterious effect of acute infection on tolerance is mainly driven by proinflammatory cytokines induced shortly after the infection, chronic infection may generate exhausted T cells that could in fact facilitate transplantation tolerance. In addition to pathogenic infections, commensal intestinal microbiota also has numerous significant immunomodulatory effects that can shape the host alloimmunity following transplantation. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies for robustly inducing and stably maintaining transplantation tolerance while preserving host anti‐pathogen immunity in clinically relevant scenarios.
ISSN:0105-2896
1600-065X
DOI:10.1111/imr.12803