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Validation of a novel Multi-Gas sensor for volcanic HCl alongside H2S and SO2 at Mt. Etna
Volcanic gas emission measurements inform predictions of hazard and atmospheric impacts. For these measurements, Multi-Gas sensors provide low-cost in situ monitoring of gas composition but to date have lacked the ability to detect halogens. Here, two Multi-Gas instruments characterized passive outg...
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| Published in: | Bulletin of volcanology 2017-05, Vol.79 (5), p.1-36, Article 36 |
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| container_end_page | 36 |
| container_issue | 5 |
| container_start_page | 1 |
| container_title | Bulletin of volcanology |
| container_volume | 79 |
| creator | Roberts, T. J. Lurton, T. Giudice, G. Liuzzo, M. Aiuppa, A. Coltelli, M. Vignelles, D. Salerno, G. Couté, B. Chartier, M. Baron, R. Saffell, J. R. Scaillet, B. |
| description | Volcanic gas emission measurements inform predictions of hazard and atmospheric impacts. For these measurements, Multi-Gas sensors provide low-cost in situ monitoring of gas composition but to date have lacked the ability to detect halogens. Here, two Multi-Gas instruments characterized passive outgassing emissions from Mt. Etna’s (Italy) three summit craters, Voragine (VOR), North-east Crater (NEC) and Bocca Nuova (BN) on 2 October 2013. Signal processing (Sensor Response Model, SRM) approaches are used to analyse H
2
S/SO
2
and HCl/SO
2
ratios. A new ability to monitor volcanic HCl using miniature electrochemical sensors is here demonstrated. A “direct-exposure” Multi-Gas instrument contained SO
2
, H
2
S and HCl sensors, whose sensitivities, cross-sensitivities and response times were characterized by laboratory calibration. SRM analysis of the field data yields H
2
S/SO
2
and HCl/SO
2
molar ratios, finding H
2
S/SO
2
= 0.02 (0.01–0.03), with distinct HCl/SO
2
for the VOR, NEC and BN crater emissions of 0.41 (0.38–0.43), 0.58 (0.54–0.60) and 0.20 (0.17–0.33). A second Multi-Gas instrument provided CO
2
/SO
2
and H
2
O/SO
2
and enabled cross-comparison of SO
2
. The Multi-Gas-measured SO
2
-HCl-H
2
S-CO
2
-H
2
O compositions provide insights into volcanic outgassing. H
2
S/SO
2
ratios indicate gas equilibration at slightly below magmatic temperatures, assuming that the magmatic redox state is preserved. Low SO
2
/HCl alongside low CO
2
/SO
2
indicates a partially outgassed magma source. We highlight the potential for low-cost HCl sensing of H
2
S-poor HCl-rich volcanic emissions elsewhere. Further tests are needed for H
2
S-rich plumes and for long-term monitoring. Our study brings two new advances to volcano hazard monitoring: real-time in situ measurement of HCl and improved Multi-Gas SRM measurements of gas ratios. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00445-017-1114-z |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6979509</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>4321765781</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-5fcaa3e81c904176df5e29ffb6b5021aa91cc9fb83208430a8e71a5269650b1e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kUFr3DAQhUVpaTZpf0Bvgl5KwemMbNnWpRCWNFvYkEPaQk9iLMsbBa2UWvZC8-ur4BDaQAVCh_e9Nw8NY-8QThGg-ZQAqkoWgE2BiFVx_4KtsCpFAS2ql2wFQrZFqwCO2HFKtwBZrJvX7KgUWYJGrtjPH-RdT5OLgceBEw_xYD2_nP3kigtKPNmQ4siHfA_RGwrO8M3ac_Ix7JLrLd-Ia06h59dXgtPEL6dTfj4FesNeDeSTffv4nrDvX86_rTfF9uri6_psW5iqFVMhB0NU2haNggqbuh-kFWoYurqTIJBIoTFq6Nrcua1KoNY2SFLUqpbQoS1P2Ocl927u9rY3NkwjeX03uj2Nv3Ukp_9VgrvRu3jQtWqUBJUDPi4BN89sm7OtdiHNGlAK0cjygBn-8DhtjL9mmya9d8lY7ynYOCctSilAigpERt8_Q2_jPIb8FxrbfOq6VpApXCgzxpRGOzxVQNAPW9bLlnOJRj9sWd9nj1g8KbNhZ8e_kv9r-gOQHKZ9</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1888866690</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Validation of a novel Multi-Gas sensor for volcanic HCl alongside H2S and SO2 at Mt. Etna</title><source>Springer Nature</source><creator>Roberts, T. J. ; Lurton, T. ; Giudice, G. ; Liuzzo, M. ; Aiuppa, A. ; Coltelli, M. ; Vignelles, D. ; Salerno, G. ; Couté, B. ; Chartier, M. ; Baron, R. ; Saffell, J. R. ; Scaillet, B.</creator><creatorcontrib>Roberts, T. J. ; Lurton, T. ; Giudice, G. ; Liuzzo, M. ; Aiuppa, A. ; Coltelli, M. ; Vignelles, D. ; Salerno, G. ; Couté, B. ; Chartier, M. ; Baron, R. ; Saffell, J. R. ; Scaillet, B.</creatorcontrib><description>Volcanic gas emission measurements inform predictions of hazard and atmospheric impacts. For these measurements, Multi-Gas sensors provide low-cost in situ monitoring of gas composition but to date have lacked the ability to detect halogens. Here, two Multi-Gas instruments characterized passive outgassing emissions from Mt. Etna’s (Italy) three summit craters, Voragine (VOR), North-east Crater (NEC) and Bocca Nuova (BN) on 2 October 2013. Signal processing (Sensor Response Model, SRM) approaches are used to analyse H
2
S/SO
2
and HCl/SO
2
ratios. A new ability to monitor volcanic HCl using miniature electrochemical sensors is here demonstrated. A “direct-exposure” Multi-Gas instrument contained SO
2
, H
2
S and HCl sensors, whose sensitivities, cross-sensitivities and response times were characterized by laboratory calibration. SRM analysis of the field data yields H
2
S/SO
2
and HCl/SO
2
molar ratios, finding H
2
S/SO
2
= 0.02 (0.01–0.03), with distinct HCl/SO
2
for the VOR, NEC and BN crater emissions of 0.41 (0.38–0.43), 0.58 (0.54–0.60) and 0.20 (0.17–0.33). A second Multi-Gas instrument provided CO
2
/SO
2
and H
2
O/SO
2
and enabled cross-comparison of SO
2
. The Multi-Gas-measured SO
2
-HCl-H
2
S-CO
2
-H
2
O compositions provide insights into volcanic outgassing. H
2
S/SO
2
ratios indicate gas equilibration at slightly below magmatic temperatures, assuming that the magmatic redox state is preserved. Low SO
2
/HCl alongside low CO
2
/SO
2
indicates a partially outgassed magma source. We highlight the potential for low-cost HCl sensing of H
2
S-poor HCl-rich volcanic emissions elsewhere. Further tests are needed for H
2
S-rich plumes and for long-term monitoring. Our study brings two new advances to volcano hazard monitoring: real-time in situ measurement of HCl and improved Multi-Gas SRM measurements of gas ratios.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0258-8900</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-0819</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00445-017-1114-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32025075</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Carbon dioxide ; Composition ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; Electrochemistry ; Emission measurements ; Gases ; Geological hazards ; Geology ; Geophysics/Geodesy ; Halogens ; Hydrogen sulfide ; In situ measurement ; Instruments ; Lava ; Magma ; Measurement ; Mineralogy ; Oxidoreductions ; Plumes ; Ratios ; Research Article ; Sciences of the Universe ; Sedimentology ; Sensors ; Signal processing ; Sulfur dioxide ; Volcanic gases ; Volcanoes ; Volcanology</subject><ispartof>Bulletin of volcanology, 2017-05, Vol.79 (5), p.1-36, Article 36</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2017</rights><rights>Bulletin of Volcanology is a copyright of Springer, 2017.</rights><rights>Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-5fcaa3e81c904176df5e29ffb6b5021aa91cc9fb83208430a8e71a5269650b1e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-5fcaa3e81c904176df5e29ffb6b5021aa91cc9fb83208430a8e71a5269650b1e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0745-895X ; 0000-0003-1561-0226 ; 0000-0001-7868-3946 ; 0000-0002-7361-2230</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27922,27923</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://insu.hal.science/insu-01522753$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Roberts, T. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lurton, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giudice, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liuzzo, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aiuppa, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coltelli, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vignelles, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salerno, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Couté, B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chartier, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baron, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saffell, J. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scaillet, B.</creatorcontrib><title>Validation of a novel Multi-Gas sensor for volcanic HCl alongside H2S and SO2 at Mt. Etna</title><title>Bulletin of volcanology</title><addtitle>Bull Volcanol</addtitle><description>Volcanic gas emission measurements inform predictions of hazard and atmospheric impacts. For these measurements, Multi-Gas sensors provide low-cost in situ monitoring of gas composition but to date have lacked the ability to detect halogens. Here, two Multi-Gas instruments characterized passive outgassing emissions from Mt. Etna’s (Italy) three summit craters, Voragine (VOR), North-east Crater (NEC) and Bocca Nuova (BN) on 2 October 2013. Signal processing (Sensor Response Model, SRM) approaches are used to analyse H
2
S/SO
2
and HCl/SO
2
ratios. A new ability to monitor volcanic HCl using miniature electrochemical sensors is here demonstrated. A “direct-exposure” Multi-Gas instrument contained SO
2
, H
2
S and HCl sensors, whose sensitivities, cross-sensitivities and response times were characterized by laboratory calibration. SRM analysis of the field data yields H
2
S/SO
2
and HCl/SO
2
molar ratios, finding H
2
S/SO
2
= 0.02 (0.01–0.03), with distinct HCl/SO
2
for the VOR, NEC and BN crater emissions of 0.41 (0.38–0.43), 0.58 (0.54–0.60) and 0.20 (0.17–0.33). A second Multi-Gas instrument provided CO
2
/SO
2
and H
2
O/SO
2
and enabled cross-comparison of SO
2
. The Multi-Gas-measured SO
2
-HCl-H
2
S-CO
2
-H
2
O compositions provide insights into volcanic outgassing. H
2
S/SO
2
ratios indicate gas equilibration at slightly below magmatic temperatures, assuming that the magmatic redox state is preserved. Low SO
2
/HCl alongside low CO
2
/SO
2
indicates a partially outgassed magma source. We highlight the potential for low-cost HCl sensing of H
2
S-poor HCl-rich volcanic emissions elsewhere. Further tests are needed for H
2
S-rich plumes and for long-term monitoring. Our study brings two new advances to volcano hazard monitoring: real-time in situ measurement of HCl and improved Multi-Gas SRM measurements of gas ratios.</description><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Composition</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Electrochemistry</subject><subject>Emission measurements</subject><subject>Gases</subject><subject>Geological hazards</subject><subject>Geology</subject><subject>Geophysics/Geodesy</subject><subject>Halogens</subject><subject>Hydrogen sulfide</subject><subject>In situ measurement</subject><subject>Instruments</subject><subject>Lava</subject><subject>Magma</subject><subject>Measurement</subject><subject>Mineralogy</subject><subject>Oxidoreductions</subject><subject>Plumes</subject><subject>Ratios</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Sciences of the Universe</subject><subject>Sedimentology</subject><subject>Sensors</subject><subject>Signal processing</subject><subject>Sulfur dioxide</subject><subject>Volcanic gases</subject><subject>Volcanoes</subject><subject>Volcanology</subject><issn>0258-8900</issn><issn>1432-0819</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2017</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kUFr3DAQhUVpaTZpf0Bvgl5KwemMbNnWpRCWNFvYkEPaQk9iLMsbBa2UWvZC8-ur4BDaQAVCh_e9Nw8NY-8QThGg-ZQAqkoWgE2BiFVx_4KtsCpFAS2ql2wFQrZFqwCO2HFKtwBZrJvX7KgUWYJGrtjPH-RdT5OLgceBEw_xYD2_nP3kigtKPNmQ4siHfA_RGwrO8M3ac_Ix7JLrLd-Ia06h59dXgtPEL6dTfj4FesNeDeSTffv4nrDvX86_rTfF9uri6_psW5iqFVMhB0NU2haNggqbuh-kFWoYurqTIJBIoTFq6Nrcua1KoNY2SFLUqpbQoS1P2Ocl927u9rY3NkwjeX03uj2Nv3Ukp_9VgrvRu3jQtWqUBJUDPi4BN89sm7OtdiHNGlAK0cjygBn-8DhtjL9mmya9d8lY7ynYOCctSilAigpERt8_Q2_jPIb8FxrbfOq6VpApXCgzxpRGOzxVQNAPW9bLlnOJRj9sWd9nj1g8KbNhZ8e_kv9r-gOQHKZ9</recordid><startdate>20170501</startdate><enddate>20170501</enddate><creator>Roberts, T. J.</creator><creator>Lurton, T.</creator><creator>Giudice, G.</creator><creator>Liuzzo, M.</creator><creator>Aiuppa, A.</creator><creator>Coltelli, M.</creator><creator>Vignelles, D.</creator><creator>Salerno, G.</creator><creator>Couté, B.</creator><creator>Chartier, M.</creator><creator>Baron, R.</creator><creator>Saffell, J. R.</creator><creator>Scaillet, B.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><general>Springer Verlag</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7TN</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>1XC</scope><scope>VOOES</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0745-895X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1561-0226</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7868-3946</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-2230</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20170501</creationdate><title>Validation of a novel Multi-Gas sensor for volcanic HCl alongside H2S and SO2 at Mt. Etna</title><author>Roberts, T. J. ; Lurton, T. ; Giudice, G. ; Liuzzo, M. ; Aiuppa, A. ; Coltelli, M. ; Vignelles, D. ; Salerno, G. ; Couté, B. ; Chartier, M. ; Baron, R. ; Saffell, J. R. ; Scaillet, B.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c482t-5fcaa3e81c904176df5e29ffb6b5021aa91cc9fb83208430a8e71a5269650b1e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2017</creationdate><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Composition</topic><topic>Earth and Environmental Science</topic><topic>Earth Sciences</topic><topic>Electrochemistry</topic><topic>Emission measurements</topic><topic>Gases</topic><topic>Geological hazards</topic><topic>Geology</topic><topic>Geophysics/Geodesy</topic><topic>Halogens</topic><topic>Hydrogen sulfide</topic><topic>In situ measurement</topic><topic>Instruments</topic><topic>Lava</topic><topic>Magma</topic><topic>Measurement</topic><topic>Mineralogy</topic><topic>Oxidoreductions</topic><topic>Plumes</topic><topic>Ratios</topic><topic>Research Article</topic><topic>Sciences of the Universe</topic><topic>Sedimentology</topic><topic>Sensors</topic><topic>Signal processing</topic><topic>Sulfur dioxide</topic><topic>Volcanic gases</topic><topic>Volcanoes</topic><topic>Volcanology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Roberts, T. J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lurton, T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giudice, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liuzzo, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aiuppa, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coltelli, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vignelles, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salerno, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Couté, B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chartier, M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Baron, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Saffell, J. R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Scaillet, B.</creatorcontrib><collection>SpringerOpen</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Oceanic Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ASFA: Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) 2: Ocean Technology, Policy & Non-Living Resources</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA) Professional</collection><collection>ProQuest Science Journals</collection><collection>Earth, Atmospheric & Aquatic Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Bulletin of volcanology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Roberts, T. J.</au><au>Lurton, T.</au><au>Giudice, G.</au><au>Liuzzo, M.</au><au>Aiuppa, A.</au><au>Coltelli, M.</au><au>Vignelles, D.</au><au>Salerno, G.</au><au>Couté, B.</au><au>Chartier, M.</au><au>Baron, R.</au><au>Saffell, J. R.</au><au>Scaillet, B.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Validation of a novel Multi-Gas sensor for volcanic HCl alongside H2S and SO2 at Mt. Etna</atitle><jtitle>Bulletin of volcanology</jtitle><stitle>Bull Volcanol</stitle><date>2017-05-01</date><risdate>2017</risdate><volume>79</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>36</epage><pages>1-36</pages><artnum>36</artnum><issn>0258-8900</issn><eissn>1432-0819</eissn><abstract>Volcanic gas emission measurements inform predictions of hazard and atmospheric impacts. For these measurements, Multi-Gas sensors provide low-cost in situ monitoring of gas composition but to date have lacked the ability to detect halogens. Here, two Multi-Gas instruments characterized passive outgassing emissions from Mt. Etna’s (Italy) three summit craters, Voragine (VOR), North-east Crater (NEC) and Bocca Nuova (BN) on 2 October 2013. Signal processing (Sensor Response Model, SRM) approaches are used to analyse H
2
S/SO
2
and HCl/SO
2
ratios. A new ability to monitor volcanic HCl using miniature electrochemical sensors is here demonstrated. A “direct-exposure” Multi-Gas instrument contained SO
2
, H
2
S and HCl sensors, whose sensitivities, cross-sensitivities and response times were characterized by laboratory calibration. SRM analysis of the field data yields H
2
S/SO
2
and HCl/SO
2
molar ratios, finding H
2
S/SO
2
= 0.02 (0.01–0.03), with distinct HCl/SO
2
for the VOR, NEC and BN crater emissions of 0.41 (0.38–0.43), 0.58 (0.54–0.60) and 0.20 (0.17–0.33). A second Multi-Gas instrument provided CO
2
/SO
2
and H
2
O/SO
2
and enabled cross-comparison of SO
2
. The Multi-Gas-measured SO
2
-HCl-H
2
S-CO
2
-H
2
O compositions provide insights into volcanic outgassing. H
2
S/SO
2
ratios indicate gas equilibration at slightly below magmatic temperatures, assuming that the magmatic redox state is preserved. Low SO
2
/HCl alongside low CO
2
/SO
2
indicates a partially outgassed magma source. We highlight the potential for low-cost HCl sensing of H
2
S-poor HCl-rich volcanic emissions elsewhere. Further tests are needed for H
2
S-rich plumes and for long-term monitoring. Our study brings two new advances to volcano hazard monitoring: real-time in situ measurement of HCl and improved Multi-Gas SRM measurements of gas ratios.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>32025075</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00445-017-1114-z</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0745-895X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1561-0226</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7868-3946</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-2230</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0258-8900 |
| ispartof | Bulletin of volcanology, 2017-05, Vol.79 (5), p.1-36, Article 36 |
| issn | 0258-8900 1432-0819 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_6979509 |
| source | Springer Nature |
| subjects | Carbon dioxide Composition Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Electrochemistry Emission measurements Gases Geological hazards Geology Geophysics/Geodesy Halogens Hydrogen sulfide In situ measurement Instruments Lava Magma Measurement Mineralogy Oxidoreductions Plumes Ratios Research Article Sciences of the Universe Sedimentology Sensors Signal processing Sulfur dioxide Volcanic gases Volcanoes Volcanology |
| title | Validation of a novel Multi-Gas sensor for volcanic HCl alongside H2S and SO2 at Mt. Etna |
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