Loop analysis of the anal sphincter complex in fecal incontinent patients using functional luminal imaging probe

• Published in: American journal of physiology: Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 2020-01, Vol.318 (1), p.G66-G76
• Main Authors: Zifan, Ali, Mittal, Ravinder K, Kunkel, David C, Swartz, Jessica, Barr, Garrett, Tuttle, Lori J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Anal Canal - diagnostic imaging; Anal Canal - physiopathology; Canals (anatomy); Case-Control Studies; Colon; Defecation; Fecal incontinence; Fecal Incontinence - diagnostic imaging; Fecal Incontinence - physiopathology; Female; Heart; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Middle Aged; Muscle, Skeletal - diagnostic imaging; Muscle, Skeletal - physiopathology; Predictive Value of Tests; Pressure; Sphincter; Statistical analysis; Time Factors; Ultrasonography; Ultrasound; Vagina; Young Adult
• ISSN: 0193-1857; 1522-1547
• DOI: 10.1152/AJPGI.00164.2019

Cardiac loops have been used extensively to study myocardial function. With changes in cardiac pump function, loops are shifted to the right or left. Functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP) recordings allow for loop analysis of the anal sphincter and puborectalis muscle (PRM) function. The goal was to characterize anal sphincter area-pressure/tension loop changes in fecal incontinence (FI) patients. Fourteen healthy subjects and 14 patients with FI were studied. A custom-designed FLIP was placed in the vagina and then in the anal canal, and deflated in 20-ml steps, from 90 to 30 ml. At each volume, subjects performed maximal voluntary squeezes. Area-pressure (AP) and area-tension (AT) loops were generated for each squeeze cycle. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the anal sphincter and PRM were obtained to determine the relationship between anal sphincter muscle damage and loop movements. With the increase in bag volume, AP loops and AT loops shifted to the right and upward in normal subjects (both anal and vaginal). The shift to the right was greater, and the upward movement was less in FI patients. The difference in the location of AP loops and AT loops was statistically significant at volumes of 50 ml to 90 ml ( < 0.05). A similar pattern was found in the vaginal loops. There is a significant relationship between the damage to the anal sphincter and PRM, and loop location of FI patients. We propose AP and AT loops as novel ways to assess the anal sphincter and PRM function. Such loops can be generated by real-time measurement of pressure and area within the anal canal. We describe the use of area-pressure (AP) and area-tension (AT)-loop analysis of the anal sphincters and puborectalis muscles in normal subjects and fecal incontinent patients using the functional luminal imaging probe (FLIP). There are differences in the magnitude of the displacement of the loops with increase in the FLIP bag volume between normal subjects and patients with fecal incontinence. The latter group shifts more to the right in AP and AT space.