Investigation and Response to an Outbreak of Dengue: Island of Hawaii, 2015-2016

• Published in: Public health reports (1974) 2020-03, Vol.135 (2), p.230-237
• Main Authors: Johnston, David I., Viray, Melissa A., Ushiroda, Jenny M., He, Hua, Whelen, A. Christian, Sciulli, Rebecca H., Kunimoto, Gail Y., Park, Sarah Y.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aquatic insects; Attitudes; Child; Child, Preschool; Data analysis; Dengue - epidemiology; Dengue - transmission; Dengue hemorrhagic fever; Dengue Virus - genetics; Dengue Virus - isolation & purification; Disease control; Disease hot spots; Disease Outbreaks - statistics & numerical data; Disease transmission; Epidemiology; Female; Gene sequencing; Geographic Information Systems; Hawaii - epidemiology; Hospitalization - statistics & numerical data; Hot spots (geology); Humans; Illnesses; Immunoglobulin M - immunology; Infant; Insect control; Insects; Laboratory tests; Male; Medical records; Mental health; Middle Aged; Mosquito Control - methods; Mosquito Vectors; Mosquitoes; Outbreaks; Pest outbreaks; Protective clothing; Public health; Remote sensing; Residents; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Risk analysis; Risk factors; September 11 terrorist attacks-2001; Situational awareness; Travel; Vector-borne diseases; Viral diseases; Viruses
• ISSN: 0033-3549; 1468-2877
• DOI: 10.1177/0033354920904068

Objectives: From September 2015 through March 2016, Hawaii had the largest outbreak of locally transmitted dengue since 1944. We report on the Hawaii Department of Health’s (HDOH’s) investigation, findings, and response to the outbreak. Methods: We defined cases of dengue using a modified version of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists’ case definition for dengue virus infections. We conducted epidemiologic investigations, including interviews with case-persons, review of medical records, laboratory testing, genetic sequencing of specimens, and geographic information system (GIS) data analysis. Outbreak response included community outreach and vector-control activities. Results: We identified 264 confirmed cases of dengue; illness onset dates ranged from September 11, 2015, to March 17, 2016, all with reported travel to or residence on the Island of Hawaii. Of 264 persons with confirmed dengue, 238 (90.2%) were Hawaii residents. Thirty-seven (14.0%) persons required hospitalization; no cases of severe dengue or death were reported. GIS hot-spot analysis identified a cluster of cases on the western side of the island. Established risk factors for dengue exposure included holes in window or door screens, presence of standing water, and not using insect repellent or wearing protective clothing. Conclusions: To prevent or mitigate the spread of future arboviral introductions and outbreaks, the public health response should focus on behavioral and cultural attitudes, emphasizing personal mosquito protection and mosquito control at the community level. Outbreak responses can also be enhanced through the use of advanced GIS techniques, such as hot-spot analysis, to provide situational awareness and guide response efforts.