Loading…
Modelling the Mechanical Attributes (Roughness, Strength, and Hardness) of Al-alloy A356 during Sand Casting
Sand-casting is a well established primary process for manufacturing various parts of A356 alloy. However, the quality of the casting is adversely affected by the change in the magnitude of the control variables. For instance, a larger magnitude of pouring velocity induces a drop effect and a lower...
Saved in:
Published in: | Materials 2020-01, Vol.13 (3), p.598 |
---|---|
Main Authors: | , , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
cited_by | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-6e48356a4c6b5f7373e6407f2050d33003f31a55304fdb5f374b4f3691b583f13 |
---|---|
cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-6e48356a4c6b5f7373e6407f2050d33003f31a55304fdb5f374b4f3691b583f13 |
container_end_page | |
container_issue | 3 |
container_start_page | 598 |
container_title | Materials |
container_volume | 13 |
creator | Ishfaq, Kashif Ali, Muhammad Asad Ahmad, Naveed Zahoor, Sadaf Al-Ahmari, Abdulrahman M Hafeez, Faisal |
description | Sand-casting is a well established primary process for manufacturing various parts of A356 alloy. However, the quality of the casting is adversely affected by the change in the magnitude of the control variables. For instance, a larger magnitude of pouring velocity induces a drop effect and a lower velocity increases the likelihood of cold-shut and mis-run types of defects. Similarly, a high pouring temperature causes the formation of hot tears, whereas a low temperature is a source of premature solidification. Likewise, a higher moisture content yields microcracks (due to gas shrinkages) in the casting and a lower moisture content results in the poor strength of the mold. Therefore, the appropriate selection of control variables is essential to ensure quality manufactured products. The empirical relations could provide valuable guidance in this regard. Additionally, although the casting process was optimized for A356 alloy, it was mostly done for a single response. Therefore, this paper aimed to formulate empirical relations for the contradictory responses, i.e., hardness, ultimate tensile strength and surface roughness, using the response surface methodology. The experimental results were comprehensively analyzed using statistical and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Optimized parameters were proposed and validated to achieve castings with high hardness (84.5 HB) and strength (153.5 MPa) with minimum roughness (5.8 µm). |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ma13030598 |
format | article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7040807</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2548717985</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-6e48356a4c6b5f7373e6407f2050d33003f31a55304fdb5f374b4f3691b583f13</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNpdkV1rHCEUhqU0NCHJTX9AEXqTlEyqc3RmvAksS5sEEgpNey3OjO5McDVVJ7D_Pg6bbj680aMPD-f4IvSZknMAQb6vFQUChIvmAzqgQlQFFYx9fHXeR8cx3pO8AGhTik9oH0pCy4axA2Rvfa-tHd0Kp0HjW90Nyo2dsniRUhjbKemIT377aTU4HeMZvktBu1UazrByPb5SoZ_vT7E3eGELZa3f4AXwCvdTmK13M7ZUMeXiCO0ZZaM-ft4P0d-fP_4sr4qbX5fXy8VN0TFSpaLSrMkGxbqq5aaGGnTFSG1KwkkPkOcwQBXnQJjpMwE1a5mBStCWN2AoHKKLrfdhate677RLQVn5EMa1Chvp1SjfvrhxkCv_KGvCSEPqLDh5FgT_b9IxyfUYu_xPymk_RVkCJ4LSkvKMfn2H3vspuDyeLDlralqLZqa-baku-BiDNrtmKJFzjvIlxwx_ed3-Dv2fGjwBc52WCA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2548717985</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Modelling the Mechanical Attributes (Roughness, Strength, and Hardness) of Al-alloy A356 during Sand Casting</title><source>Publicly Available Content Database</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><creator>Ishfaq, Kashif ; Ali, Muhammad Asad ; Ahmad, Naveed ; Zahoor, Sadaf ; Al-Ahmari, Abdulrahman M ; Hafeez, Faisal</creator><creatorcontrib>Ishfaq, Kashif ; Ali, Muhammad Asad ; Ahmad, Naveed ; Zahoor, Sadaf ; Al-Ahmari, Abdulrahman M ; Hafeez, Faisal</creatorcontrib><description>Sand-casting is a well established primary process for manufacturing various parts of A356 alloy. However, the quality of the casting is adversely affected by the change in the magnitude of the control variables. For instance, a larger magnitude of pouring velocity induces a drop effect and a lower velocity increases the likelihood of cold-shut and mis-run types of defects. Similarly, a high pouring temperature causes the formation of hot tears, whereas a low temperature is a source of premature solidification. Likewise, a higher moisture content yields microcracks (due to gas shrinkages) in the casting and a lower moisture content results in the poor strength of the mold. Therefore, the appropriate selection of control variables is essential to ensure quality manufactured products. The empirical relations could provide valuable guidance in this regard. Additionally, although the casting process was optimized for A356 alloy, it was mostly done for a single response. Therefore, this paper aimed to formulate empirical relations for the contradictory responses, i.e., hardness, ultimate tensile strength and surface roughness, using the response surface methodology. The experimental results were comprehensively analyzed using statistical and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Optimized parameters were proposed and validated to achieve castings with high hardness (84.5 HB) and strength (153.5 MPa) with minimum roughness (5.8 µm).</description><identifier>ISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1996-1944</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ma13030598</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32012844</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Switzerland: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Alloys ; Aluminum base alloys ; Casting ; Casting alloys ; Castings ; Empirical analysis ; Hardness ; Impact strength ; Low temperature ; Manufacturing ; Mechanical properties ; Microcracks ; Moisture content ; Optimization ; Permeability ; Porosity ; Pouring ; Response surface methodology ; Sand casting ; Solidification ; Surface roughness ; Tensile strength ; Ultimate tensile strength</subject><ispartof>Materials, 2020-01, Vol.13 (3), p.598</ispartof><rights>2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2020 by the authors. 2020</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-6e48356a4c6b5f7373e6407f2050d33003f31a55304fdb5f374b4f3691b583f13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-6e48356a4c6b5f7373e6407f2050d33003f31a55304fdb5f374b4f3691b583f13</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7752-7199</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2548717985/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2548717985?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,724,777,781,882,25734,27905,27906,36993,36994,44571,53772,53774,74875</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32012844$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ishfaq, Kashif</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Muhammad Asad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmad, Naveed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zahoor, Sadaf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Ahmari, Abdulrahman M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hafeez, Faisal</creatorcontrib><title>Modelling the Mechanical Attributes (Roughness, Strength, and Hardness) of Al-alloy A356 during Sand Casting</title><title>Materials</title><addtitle>Materials (Basel)</addtitle><description>Sand-casting is a well established primary process for manufacturing various parts of A356 alloy. However, the quality of the casting is adversely affected by the change in the magnitude of the control variables. For instance, a larger magnitude of pouring velocity induces a drop effect and a lower velocity increases the likelihood of cold-shut and mis-run types of defects. Similarly, a high pouring temperature causes the formation of hot tears, whereas a low temperature is a source of premature solidification. Likewise, a higher moisture content yields microcracks (due to gas shrinkages) in the casting and a lower moisture content results in the poor strength of the mold. Therefore, the appropriate selection of control variables is essential to ensure quality manufactured products. The empirical relations could provide valuable guidance in this regard. Additionally, although the casting process was optimized for A356 alloy, it was mostly done for a single response. Therefore, this paper aimed to formulate empirical relations for the contradictory responses, i.e., hardness, ultimate tensile strength and surface roughness, using the response surface methodology. The experimental results were comprehensively analyzed using statistical and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Optimized parameters were proposed and validated to achieve castings with high hardness (84.5 HB) and strength (153.5 MPa) with minimum roughness (5.8 µm).</description><subject>Alloys</subject><subject>Aluminum base alloys</subject><subject>Casting</subject><subject>Casting alloys</subject><subject>Castings</subject><subject>Empirical analysis</subject><subject>Hardness</subject><subject>Impact strength</subject><subject>Low temperature</subject><subject>Manufacturing</subject><subject>Mechanical properties</subject><subject>Microcracks</subject><subject>Moisture content</subject><subject>Optimization</subject><subject>Permeability</subject><subject>Porosity</subject><subject>Pouring</subject><subject>Response surface methodology</subject><subject>Sand casting</subject><subject>Solidification</subject><subject>Surface roughness</subject><subject>Tensile strength</subject><subject>Ultimate tensile strength</subject><issn>1996-1944</issn><issn>1996-1944</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>PIMPY</sourceid><recordid>eNpdkV1rHCEUhqU0NCHJTX9AEXqTlEyqc3RmvAksS5sEEgpNey3OjO5McDVVJ7D_Pg6bbj680aMPD-f4IvSZknMAQb6vFQUChIvmAzqgQlQFFYx9fHXeR8cx3pO8AGhTik9oH0pCy4axA2Rvfa-tHd0Kp0HjW90Nyo2dsniRUhjbKemIT377aTU4HeMZvktBu1UazrByPb5SoZ_vT7E3eGELZa3f4AXwCvdTmK13M7ZUMeXiCO0ZZaM-ft4P0d-fP_4sr4qbX5fXy8VN0TFSpaLSrMkGxbqq5aaGGnTFSG1KwkkPkOcwQBXnQJjpMwE1a5mBStCWN2AoHKKLrfdhate677RLQVn5EMa1Chvp1SjfvrhxkCv_KGvCSEPqLDh5FgT_b9IxyfUYu_xPymk_RVkCJ4LSkvKMfn2H3vspuDyeLDlralqLZqa-baku-BiDNrtmKJFzjvIlxwx_ed3-Dv2fGjwBc52WCA</recordid><startdate>20200128</startdate><enddate>20200128</enddate><creator>Ishfaq, Kashif</creator><creator>Ali, Muhammad Asad</creator><creator>Ahmad, Naveed</creator><creator>Zahoor, Sadaf</creator><creator>Al-Ahmari, Abdulrahman M</creator><creator>Hafeez, Faisal</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><general>MDPI</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>D1I</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>KB.</scope><scope>PDBOC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-7199</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20200128</creationdate><title>Modelling the Mechanical Attributes (Roughness, Strength, and Hardness) of Al-alloy A356 during Sand Casting</title><author>Ishfaq, Kashif ; Ali, Muhammad Asad ; Ahmad, Naveed ; Zahoor, Sadaf ; Al-Ahmari, Abdulrahman M ; Hafeez, Faisal</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-6e48356a4c6b5f7373e6407f2050d33003f31a55304fdb5f374b4f3691b583f13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Alloys</topic><topic>Aluminum base alloys</topic><topic>Casting</topic><topic>Casting alloys</topic><topic>Castings</topic><topic>Empirical analysis</topic><topic>Hardness</topic><topic>Impact strength</topic><topic>Low temperature</topic><topic>Manufacturing</topic><topic>Mechanical properties</topic><topic>Microcracks</topic><topic>Moisture content</topic><topic>Optimization</topic><topic>Permeability</topic><topic>Porosity</topic><topic>Pouring</topic><topic>Response surface methodology</topic><topic>Sand casting</topic><topic>Solidification</topic><topic>Surface roughness</topic><topic>Tensile strength</topic><topic>Ultimate tensile strength</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ishfaq, Kashif</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ali, Muhammad Asad</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ahmad, Naveed</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zahoor, Sadaf</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Ahmari, Abdulrahman M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hafeez, Faisal</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>Materials Science & Engineering Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Materials Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Science Database</collection><collection>Materials science collection</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ishfaq, Kashif</au><au>Ali, Muhammad Asad</au><au>Ahmad, Naveed</au><au>Zahoor, Sadaf</au><au>Al-Ahmari, Abdulrahman M</au><au>Hafeez, Faisal</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Modelling the Mechanical Attributes (Roughness, Strength, and Hardness) of Al-alloy A356 during Sand Casting</atitle><jtitle>Materials</jtitle><addtitle>Materials (Basel)</addtitle><date>2020-01-28</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>13</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>598</spage><pages>598-</pages><issn>1996-1944</issn><eissn>1996-1944</eissn><abstract>Sand-casting is a well established primary process for manufacturing various parts of A356 alloy. However, the quality of the casting is adversely affected by the change in the magnitude of the control variables. For instance, a larger magnitude of pouring velocity induces a drop effect and a lower velocity increases the likelihood of cold-shut and mis-run types of defects. Similarly, a high pouring temperature causes the formation of hot tears, whereas a low temperature is a source of premature solidification. Likewise, a higher moisture content yields microcracks (due to gas shrinkages) in the casting and a lower moisture content results in the poor strength of the mold. Therefore, the appropriate selection of control variables is essential to ensure quality manufactured products. The empirical relations could provide valuable guidance in this regard. Additionally, although the casting process was optimized for A356 alloy, it was mostly done for a single response. Therefore, this paper aimed to formulate empirical relations for the contradictory responses, i.e., hardness, ultimate tensile strength and surface roughness, using the response surface methodology. The experimental results were comprehensively analyzed using statistical and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Optimized parameters were proposed and validated to achieve castings with high hardness (84.5 HB) and strength (153.5 MPa) with minimum roughness (5.8 µm).</abstract><cop>Switzerland</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><pmid>32012844</pmid><doi>10.3390/ma13030598</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7752-7199</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
fulltext | fulltext |
identifier | ISSN: 1996-1944 |
ispartof | Materials, 2020-01, Vol.13 (3), p.598 |
issn | 1996-1944 1996-1944 |
language | eng |
recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7040807 |
source | Publicly Available Content Database; PubMed Central; Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry |
subjects | Alloys Aluminum base alloys Casting Casting alloys Castings Empirical analysis Hardness Impact strength Low temperature Manufacturing Mechanical properties Microcracks Moisture content Optimization Permeability Porosity Pouring Response surface methodology Sand casting Solidification Surface roughness Tensile strength Ultimate tensile strength |
title | Modelling the Mechanical Attributes (Roughness, Strength, and Hardness) of Al-alloy A356 during Sand Casting |
url | http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-01-18T23%3A29%3A24IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_pubme&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Modelling%20the%20Mechanical%20Attributes%20(Roughness,%20Strength,%20and%20Hardness)%20of%20Al-alloy%20A356%20during%20Sand%20Casting&rft.jtitle=Materials&rft.au=Ishfaq,%20Kashif&rft.date=2020-01-28&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=598&rft.pages=598-&rft.issn=1996-1944&rft.eissn=1996-1944&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390/ma13030598&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_pubme%3E2548717985%3C/proquest_pubme%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c406t-6e48356a4c6b5f7373e6407f2050d33003f31a55304fdb5f374b4f3691b583f13%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=2548717985&rft_id=info:pmid/32012844&rfr_iscdi=true |