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Effective Treatments for Bladder Cancer Affecting CXCL9/CXCL10/CXCL11/ CXCR3 Axis: A Review
Bladder cancer (BC) originates mainly from the epithelial compartment of the bladder, which is defined as transitional cell carcinoma or urothelial cell carcinoma. About 70% of patients with BC will survive five years from diagnosis. Previous studies revealed that the immune system and its mediators...
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Published in: | Oman medical journal 2020-03, Vol.35 (2), p.1-11 |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | Bladder cancer (BC) originates mainly from the epithelial compartment of the bladder,
which is defined as transitional cell carcinoma or urothelial cell carcinoma. About 70%
of patients with BC will survive five years from diagnosis. Previous studies revealed that
the immune system and its mediators, particularly chemokines, play a crucial role in
modulating responses against BC. Chemokines, which serve as chemoattractants for
leukocytes, are small proteins that can initiate inflammatory and anti-inflammatory
immune responses and also are associated with many aspects of both regulation and
progression of mentioned responses. Additionally, these immune mediators can
interfere with the other tumor-related processes, including tumor proliferation,
neovascularization, and metastases. Among these chemokines, CXC chemokines,
including CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, are recognized as the main ligands of
C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) and contribute to related immune
responses after therapeutic strategies for BC. Evidence suggests that the production of
these chemokines can have two important implications. First, these mediators can trigger
the accumulation of CD8+ T cells that can contribute to the elimination of the tumor.
Secondly, the production of these chemokines by tumor tissue may trigger the migration
and activation of immune cells including myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory
T cells, which act in favor of the tumor and its progress. Therefore, in this review, we
describe the latest therapeutic approaches based on targeting this axis’s components and
subsequent immune phenomenon. |
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ISSN: | 1999-768X 2070-5204 2070-5204 |
DOI: | 10.5001/omj.2020.21 |