Energy Dense Salty Food Consumption Frequency Is Associated with Diastolic Hypertension in Spanish Children

• Published in: Nutrients 2020-04, Vol.12 (4), p.1027
• Main Authors: Pérez-Gimeno, Gloria, Rupérez, Azahara I, Vázquez-Cobela, Rocío, Herráiz-Gastesi, Gonzalo, Gil-Campos, Mercedes, Aguilera, Concepción M, Moreno, Luis A, Leis Trabazo, María Rosaura, Bueno-Lozano, Gloria
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Anthropometry; Beverages; Blood pressure; Cardiovascular diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology; Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control; Caregivers; Child; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena - physiology; Child, Preschool; Children; Children & youth; Dairy products; Diastole; Diet; Dietary Sugars - adverse effects; Eating; Energy Intake; Fast Foods - adverse effects; Female; Food; Food consumption; Food processing; Health risks; Humans; Hypertension; Hypertension - epidemiology; Hypertension - etiology; Hypertension - prevention & control; Laboratories; Legumes; Male; Meat; Nutritional status; Nuts; Obesity; Overweight; Processed foods; Puberty; Questionnaires; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Salt; Snacks; Sodium; Sodium Chloride, Dietary - adverse effects; Spain - epidemiology; Sugar; Surveys and Questionnaires; Teenagers
• ISSN: 2072-6643; 2072-6643
• DOI: 10.3390/nu12041027

High blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and sodium consumption is related to high BP. Moreover, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) influence BP. For this reason, we investigated whether: 1) children with risk of elevated BP had a higher consumption frequency (CF) of energy-dense salty foods (EDSF), high-sugary foods (HSF) and SSB or a low DASH score; and 2) children with a higher CF of EDSF showed a worse anthropometric and metabolic profile. Anthropometry, BP and general biochemical parameters were measured in 687 Spanish children (5-16 years) with normal or excess weight. A food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate EDSF, HSF and SSB consumption, and modified DASH score. Results showed that sex and pubertal stage influenced modified DASH score. Diastolic hypertension was associated to higher CF of EDSF in the whole sample and to higher CF of SSB in pubertal children, both independently of nutritional status. In addition, CF of EDSF was positively associated with CF of HSF and SSB and inversely associated with modified DASH score. Targeted policies and intervention programs, specific for different age ranges, should be established that aim to reduce salt consumption from snacks and processed foods, which could reduce HSF and SSB consumption as well.