Network architecture and regulatory logic in neural crest development

• Published in: Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Mechanisms of disease 2020-03, Vol.12 (2), p.e1468-n/a
• Main Authors: Hovland, Austin S., Rothstein, Megan, Simoes‐Costa, Marcos
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biological evolution; Cell differentiation; Central nervous system; circuits; Developmental biology; Differentiation (biology); Embryogenesis; Embryonic growth stage; gene regulatory network; Neural crest; neural crest cells; Organs; Phenotypes; Physiology; Stem cells; Vertebrates
• ISSN: 1939-5094; 1939-005X; 2692-9368
• DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1468

The neural crest is an ectodermal cell population that gives rise to over 30 cell types during vertebrate embryogenesis. These stem cells are formed at the border of the developing central nervous system and undergo extensive migration before differentiating into components of multiple tissues and organs. Neural crest formation and differentiation is a multistep process, as these cells transition through sequential regulatory states before adopting their adult phenotype. Such changes are governed by a complex gene regulatory network (GRN) that integrates environmental and cell‐intrinsic inputs to regulate cell identity. Studies of neural crest cells in a variety of vertebrate models have elucidated the function and regulation of dozens of the molecular players that are part of this network. The neural crest GRN has served as a platform to explore the molecular control of multipotency, cell differentiation, and the evolution of vertebrates. In this review, we employ this genetic program as a stepping‐stone to explore the architecture and the regulatory principles of developmental GRNs. We also discuss how modern genomic approaches can further expand our understanding of genetic networks in this system and others. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates Developmental Biology > Lineages Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models Neural crest cell development can be represented by a gene regulatory network that drives their induction, specification, migration, and differentiation.