Delirium in COVID-19: A case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement

• Published in: General hospital psychiatry 2020-07, Vol.65, p.47-53
• Main Authors: Beach, Scott R., Praschan, Nathan C., Hogan, Charlotte, Dotson, Samuel, Merideth, Flannery, Kontos, Nicholas, Fricchione, Gregory L., Smith, Felicia A.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Akinetic mutism; Brain Diseases - etiology; Brain Diseases - virology; Cognitive Dysfunction - complications; Coronavirus Infections - complications; Coronavirus Infections - pathology; COVID-19; Delirium; Delirium - etiology; Delirium - virology; Encephalopathy; Female; Humans; Male; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2
• ISSN: 0163-8343; 1873-7714; 1873-7714
• DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.008

Neuropsychiatric manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been described, including anosmia, ageusia, headache, paresthesia, encephalitis and encephalopathy. Little is known about the mechanisms by which the virus causes central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, and therefore little guidance is available regarding potential workup or management options. We present a series of four consecutive cases, seen by our psychiatry consultation service over a one-week period, each of which manifested delirium as a result of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The four cases highlighted here all occurred in older patients with premorbid evidence of cognitive decline. Unique features seen in multiple cases included rigidity, alogia, abulia, and elevated inflammatory markers. In all four cases, a change in mental status was the presenting symptom, and three of the four cases lacked significant respiratory symptoms. In addition to discussing unique features of the cases, we discuss possible pathophysiologic explanations for COVID-19 delirium. Delirium should be recognized as a potential feature of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and may be the only presenting symptom. Based on the high rates of delirium demonstrated in prior studies, hospitals should consider adding mental status changes to the list of testing criteria. Further research is needed to determine if delirium in COVID-19 represents a primary encephalopathy heralding invasion of the CNS by the virus, or a secondary encephalopathy related to systemic inflammatory response or other factors.