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Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City
Existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access in New York City have likely impacted the public health response to COVID-19. An ecological study was performed to determine the spatial distribution of COVID-19 testing by ZIP code Tabulation Area and investigate if testing was asso...
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| Published in: | American journal of preventive medicine 2020-09, Vol.59 (3), p.326-332 |
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| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c491t-dd1f8bda02feddac3396018ad5cb0466cd09d6e38eae29d698733b990071515d3 |
| container_end_page | 332 |
| container_issue | 3 |
| container_start_page | 326 |
| container_title | American journal of preventive medicine |
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| creator | Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil Tuminello, Stephanie Flores, Raja M. Taioli, Emanuela |
| description | Existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access in New York City have likely impacted the public health response to COVID-19. An ecological study was performed to determine the spatial distribution of COVID-19 testing by ZIP code Tabulation Area and investigate if testing was associated with race or SES.
Data were obtained from the New York City coronavirus data repository and 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. A combined index of SES was created using principal component analysis and incorporated household income, gross rent, poverty, education, working class status, unemployment, and occupants per room. Multivariable Poisson regressions were performed to predict the number of total tests and the ratio of positive tests to total tests performed, using the SES index, racial composition, and Hispanic composition as predictors.
The number of total tests significantly increased with the increasing proportion of white residents (β=0.004, SE=0.001, p=0.0032) but not with increasing Hispanic composition or SES index score. The ratio of positive tests to total tests significantly decreased with the increasing proportion of white residents in the ZIP code Tabulation Area (β= −0.003, SE=0.000 6, p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.005 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7316038</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0749379720302634</els_id><sourcerecordid>2447573171</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c491t-dd1f8bda02feddac3396018ad5cb0466cd09d6e38eae29d698733b990071515d3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kU1PGzEQhq0KVMLHP6iqlbj0ssvY3rXXl1ZV-JRQ4QBInCzHnlCHZB3sTRD_HkcBChx68sh-5vW88xLyjUJFgYqDSWVmOI9YMWBQgagAmi9kQFvJSyZAbpAByFqVXCq5RbZTmgCAbKn6SrY4k8AlsAH5dejT3ETfe0yF74rhxc3ZYUlVcYWp991dYTpXXIaUgaXvn1bIH3wsbkO8L4b5Ypdsjs004d7LuUOuj4-uhqfl-cXJ2fD3eWlrRfvSOTpuR84AG6NzxnKuBNDWuMaOoBbCOlBOIG_RIMuVyi74SKk8MW1o4_gO-bnWnS9GM3QWuz6aqZ5HPzPxSQfj9ceXzv_Vd2GpJacCeJsFfrwIxPCwyOb0zCeL06npMCySZjWTHGTTrND9T-gkLGKX7WWqlk2WlDRT9ZqyMaQUcfw2DAW9SkhP9DohvUpIg9A5odz2_b2Rt6bXSP45xbzOpceok_XYWXQ-ou21C_7_PzwD_E-iiA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2447573171</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City</title><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><source>ScienceDirect Freedom Collection</source><creator>Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil ; Tuminello, Stephanie ; Flores, Raja M. ; Taioli, Emanuela</creator><creatorcontrib>Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil ; Tuminello, Stephanie ; Flores, Raja M. ; Taioli, Emanuela</creatorcontrib><description>Existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access in New York City have likely impacted the public health response to COVID-19. An ecological study was performed to determine the spatial distribution of COVID-19 testing by ZIP code Tabulation Area and investigate if testing was associated with race or SES.
Data were obtained from the New York City coronavirus data repository and 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. A combined index of SES was created using principal component analysis and incorporated household income, gross rent, poverty, education, working class status, unemployment, and occupants per room. Multivariable Poisson regressions were performed to predict the number of total tests and the ratio of positive tests to total tests performed, using the SES index, racial composition, and Hispanic composition as predictors.
The number of total tests significantly increased with the increasing proportion of white residents (β=0.004, SE=0.001, p=0.0032) but not with increasing Hispanic composition or SES index score. The ratio of positive tests to total tests significantly decreased with the increasing proportion of white residents in the ZIP code Tabulation Area (β= −0.003, SE=0.000 6, p<0.001) and with increasing SES index score (β= −0.001 6, SE=0.0007, p=0.0159).
In New York City, COVID-19 testing has not been proportional to need; existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access have likely impacted public health response. There is urgent need for widespread testing and public health outreach for the most vulnerable communities in New York City.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0749-3797</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2607</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.005</identifier><identifier>PMID: 32703702</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Cities ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections - ethnology ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 diagnostic tests ; COVID-19 Testing ; Ethnic Groups - statistics & numerical data ; European Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data ; Health care access ; Health disparities ; Health Services Accessibility ; Healthcare Disparities ; Hispanic Americans - statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Inequality ; New York City - epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral - ethnology ; Poverty ; Principal components analysis ; Public health ; Race ; Racial differences ; Racial inequality ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Socioeconomic status ; Spatial analysis ; Unemployment</subject><ispartof>American journal of preventive medicine, 2020-09, Vol.59 (3), p.326-332</ispartof><rights>2020 American Journal of Preventive Medicine</rights><rights>Copyright © 2020 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Sep 2020</rights><rights>2020 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2020 American Journal of Preventive Medicine</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c491t-dd1f8bda02feddac3396018ad5cb0466cd09d6e38eae29d698733b990071515d3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c491t-dd1f8bda02feddac3396018ad5cb0466cd09d6e38eae29d698733b990071515d3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,776,780,881,27901,27902,30976</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32703702$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tuminello, Stephanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flores, Raja M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taioli, Emanuela</creatorcontrib><title>Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City</title><title>American journal of preventive medicine</title><addtitle>Am J Prev Med</addtitle><description>Existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access in New York City have likely impacted the public health response to COVID-19. An ecological study was performed to determine the spatial distribution of COVID-19 testing by ZIP code Tabulation Area and investigate if testing was associated with race or SES.
Data were obtained from the New York City coronavirus data repository and 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. A combined index of SES was created using principal component analysis and incorporated household income, gross rent, poverty, education, working class status, unemployment, and occupants per room. Multivariable Poisson regressions were performed to predict the number of total tests and the ratio of positive tests to total tests performed, using the SES index, racial composition, and Hispanic composition as predictors.
The number of total tests significantly increased with the increasing proportion of white residents (β=0.004, SE=0.001, p=0.0032) but not with increasing Hispanic composition or SES index score. The ratio of positive tests to total tests significantly decreased with the increasing proportion of white residents in the ZIP code Tabulation Area (β= −0.003, SE=0.000 6, p<0.001) and with increasing SES index score (β= −0.001 6, SE=0.0007, p=0.0159).
In New York City, COVID-19 testing has not been proportional to need; existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access have likely impacted public health response. There is urgent need for widespread testing and public health outreach for the most vulnerable communities in New York City.</description><subject>Cities</subject><subject>Clinical Laboratory Techniques</subject><subject>Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis</subject><subject>Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>Coronavirus Infections - ethnology</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 diagnostic tests</subject><subject>COVID-19 Testing</subject><subject>Ethnic Groups - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>European Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Health care access</subject><subject>Health disparities</subject><subject>Health Services Accessibility</subject><subject>Healthcare Disparities</subject><subject>Hispanic Americans - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Inequality</subject><subject>New York City - epidemiology</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis</subject><subject>Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology</subject><subject>Pneumonia, Viral - ethnology</subject><subject>Poverty</subject><subject>Principal components analysis</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Race</subject><subject>Racial differences</subject><subject>Racial inequality</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Factors</subject><subject>Socioeconomic status</subject><subject>Spatial analysis</subject><subject>Unemployment</subject><issn>0749-3797</issn><issn>1873-2607</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1PGzEQhq0KVMLHP6iqlbj0ssvY3rXXl1ZV-JRQ4QBInCzHnlCHZB3sTRD_HkcBChx68sh-5vW88xLyjUJFgYqDSWVmOI9YMWBQgagAmi9kQFvJSyZAbpAByFqVXCq5RbZTmgCAbKn6SrY4k8AlsAH5dejT3ETfe0yF74rhxc3ZYUlVcYWp991dYTpXXIaUgaXvn1bIH3wsbkO8L4b5Ypdsjs004d7LuUOuj4-uhqfl-cXJ2fD3eWlrRfvSOTpuR84AG6NzxnKuBNDWuMaOoBbCOlBOIG_RIMuVyi74SKk8MW1o4_gO-bnWnS9GM3QWuz6aqZ5HPzPxSQfj9ceXzv_Vd2GpJacCeJsFfrwIxPCwyOb0zCeL06npMCySZjWTHGTTrND9T-gkLGKX7WWqlk2WlDRT9ZqyMaQUcfw2DAW9SkhP9DohvUpIg9A5odz2_b2Rt6bXSP45xbzOpceok_XYWXQ-ou21C_7_PzwD_E-iiA</recordid><startdate>20200901</startdate><enddate>20200901</enddate><creator>Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil</creator><creator>Tuminello, Stephanie</creator><creator>Flores, Raja M.</creator><creator>Taioli, Emanuela</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><general>Elsevier Science Ltd</general><general>American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20200901</creationdate><title>Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City</title><author>Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil ; Tuminello, Stephanie ; Flores, Raja M. ; Taioli, Emanuela</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c491t-dd1f8bda02feddac3396018ad5cb0466cd09d6e38eae29d698733b990071515d3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>Cities</topic><topic>Clinical Laboratory Techniques</topic><topic>Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis</topic><topic>Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology</topic><topic>Coronavirus Infections - ethnology</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 diagnostic tests</topic><topic>COVID-19 Testing</topic><topic>Ethnic Groups - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>European Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Health care access</topic><topic>Health disparities</topic><topic>Health Services Accessibility</topic><topic>Healthcare Disparities</topic><topic>Hispanic Americans - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Inequality</topic><topic>New York City - epidemiology</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis</topic><topic>Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology</topic><topic>Pneumonia, Viral - ethnology</topic><topic>Poverty</topic><topic>Principal components analysis</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Race</topic><topic>Racial differences</topic><topic>Racial inequality</topic><topic>Socioeconomic Factors</topic><topic>Socioeconomic status</topic><topic>Spatial analysis</topic><topic>Unemployment</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tuminello, Stephanie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Flores, Raja M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Taioli, Emanuela</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>American journal of preventive medicine</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil</au><au>Tuminello, Stephanie</au><au>Flores, Raja M.</au><au>Taioli, Emanuela</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City</atitle><jtitle>American journal of preventive medicine</jtitle><addtitle>Am J Prev Med</addtitle><date>2020-09-01</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>59</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>326</spage><epage>332</epage><pages>326-332</pages><issn>0749-3797</issn><eissn>1873-2607</eissn><abstract>Existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access in New York City have likely impacted the public health response to COVID-19. An ecological study was performed to determine the spatial distribution of COVID-19 testing by ZIP code Tabulation Area and investigate if testing was associated with race or SES.
Data were obtained from the New York City coronavirus data repository and 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. A combined index of SES was created using principal component analysis and incorporated household income, gross rent, poverty, education, working class status, unemployment, and occupants per room. Multivariable Poisson regressions were performed to predict the number of total tests and the ratio of positive tests to total tests performed, using the SES index, racial composition, and Hispanic composition as predictors.
The number of total tests significantly increased with the increasing proportion of white residents (β=0.004, SE=0.001, p=0.0032) but not with increasing Hispanic composition or SES index score. The ratio of positive tests to total tests significantly decreased with the increasing proportion of white residents in the ZIP code Tabulation Area (β= −0.003, SE=0.000 6, p<0.001) and with increasing SES index score (β= −0.001 6, SE=0.0007, p=0.0159).
In New York City, COVID-19 testing has not been proportional to need; existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access have likely impacted public health response. There is urgent need for widespread testing and public health outreach for the most vulnerable communities in New York City.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><pmid>32703702</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.005</doi><tpages>7</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | American journal of preventive medicine, 2020-09, Vol.59 (3), p.326-332 |
| issn | 0749-3797 1873-2607 |
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| source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); ScienceDirect Freedom Collection |
| subjects | Cities Clinical Laboratory Techniques Coronavirus Infections - diagnosis Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology Coronavirus Infections - ethnology Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 diagnostic tests COVID-19 Testing Ethnic Groups - statistics & numerical data European Continental Ancestry Group - statistics & numerical data Health care access Health disparities Health Services Accessibility Healthcare Disparities Hispanic Americans - statistics & numerical data Humans Inequality New York City - epidemiology Pandemics Pneumonia, Viral - diagnosis Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology Pneumonia, Viral - ethnology Poverty Principal components analysis Public health Race Racial differences Racial inequality Socioeconomic Factors Socioeconomic status Spatial analysis Unemployment |
| title | Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City |
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