The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Policy and technology impact on health and non-health outcomes

• Published in: Health policy and technology 2020-12, Vol.9 (4), p.454-487
• Main Authors: Berardi, Chiara, Antonini, Marcello, Genie, Mesfin G., Cotugno, Giovanni, Lanteri, Alessandro, Melia, Adrian, Paolucci, Francesco
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Health policy; Health technology; Healthcare; Pandemic
• ISSN: 2211-8837; 2211-8845
• DOI: 10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.019

•The outbreak of COVID-19 significantly affected italy with severe health, social and economic consequences.•The strictness and timing of escalating and de-escalating containment and prevention measures played a major role on health and non-health outcomes.•Technological interventions are far from having any impact on the outcomes considered due to delayed implementation.•The production of evidence-based interventions is relevant for reducing uncertainty around the interventions, thereby maximising the resource and investment allocations.•Our findings are relevant not only for italy but for all countries worldwide. Italy was the first Western country to experience a major coronavirus outbreak and consequently faced large-scale health and socio-economic challenges. The Italian government enforced a wide set of homogeneous interventions nationally, despite the differing incidences of the virus throughout the country. The paper aims to analyse the policies implemented by the government and their impact on health and non-health outcomes considering both scaling-up and scaling-down interventions. To categorise the policy interventions, we rely on the comparative and conceptual framework developed by Moy et al. (2020). We investigate the impact of policies on the daily reported number of deaths, case fatality rate, confirmation rate, intensive care unit saturation, and financial and job market indicators across the three major geographical areas of Italy (North, Centre, and South). Qualitative and quantitative data are gathered from mixed sources: Italian national and regional institutions, National Health Research and international organisations. Our analysis contributes to the literature on the COVID-19 pandemic by comparing policy interventions and their outcomes. Our findings suggest that the strictness and timing of containment and prevention measures played a prominent role in tackling the pandemic, both from a health and economic perspective. Technological interventions played a marginal role due to the inadequacy of protocols and the delay of their implementation. Future government interventions should be informed by evidence-based decision making to balance, the benefits arising from the timing and stringency of the interventions against the adverse social and economic cost, both in the short and long term.