Monolayer Vanadium‐Doped Tungsten Disulfide: A Room‐Temperature Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor

• Published in: Advanced science 2020-12, Vol.7 (24), p.2001174-n/a
• Main Authors: Zhang, Fu, Zheng, Boyang, Sebastian, Amritanand, Olson, David H., Liu, Mingzu, Fujisawa, Kazunori, Pham, Yen Thi Hai, Jimenez, Valery Ortiz, Kalappattil, Vijaysankar, Miao, Leixin, Zhang, Tianyi, Pendurthi, Rahul, Lei, Yu, Elías, Ana Laura, Wang, Yuanxi, Alem, Nasim, Hopkins, Patrick E., Das, Saptarshi, Crespi, Vincent H., Phan, Manh‐Huong, Terrones, Mauricio
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 2D ferromagnets; Atmospheric pressure; Chemical vapor deposition; Communication; Communications; dilute magnetic semiconductors; ENGINEERING; MATERIALS SCIENCE; room‐temperature ferromagnetism; Semiconductors; Spectrum analysis; Transmission electron microscopy; tungsten disulfide; vanadium doping
• ISSN: 2198-3844; 2198-3844
• DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001174

Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS), achieved through substitutional doping of spin‐polarized transition metals into semiconducting systems, enable experimental modulation of spin dynamics in ways that hold great promise for novel magneto–electric or magneto–optical devices, especially for two‐dimensional (2D) systems such as transition metal dichalcogenides that accentuate interactions and activate valley degrees of freedom. Practical applications of 2D magnetism will likely require room‐temperature operation, air stability, and (for magnetic semiconductors) the ability to achieve optimal doping levels without dopant aggregation. Here, room‐temperature ferromagnetic order obtained in semiconducting vanadium‐doped tungsten disulfide monolayers produced by a reliable single‐step film sulfidation method across an exceptionally wide range of vanadium concentrations, up to 12 at% with minimal dopant aggregation, is described. These monolayers develop p‐type transport as a function of vanadium incorporation and rapidly reach ambipolarity. Ferromagnetism peaks at an intermediate vanadium concentration of ~2 at% and decreases for higher concentrations, which is consistent with quenching due to orbital hybridization at closer vanadium–vanadium spacings, as supported by transmission electron microscopy, magnetometry, and first‐principles calculations. Room‐temperature 2D‐DMS provide a new component to expand the functional scope of van der Waals heterostructures and bring semiconducting magnetic 2D heterostructures into the realm of practical application. Room‐temperature ferromagnetism is achieved in semiconducting vanadium‐doped tungsten disulfide monolayers. A reproducible and atmospheric pressure film sulfidation growth method yields doping concentration tunability in air‐stable samples. These monolayers develop p‐type transport as a function of vanadium incorporation and rapidly reach ambipolarity. The ferromagnetic behavior in this dilute semiconductor is modeled and understood through first‐principles calculations.