Fiber type composition of contiguous palmaris longus and abductor pollicis brevis muscles: Morphological evidence of a functional synergy

• Published in: Journal of anatomy 2021-01, Vol.238 (1), p.53-62
• Main Authors: Moore, Colin W., Fanous, Jacob, Rice, Charles L.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: abductor pollicis brevis; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cadavers; Female; Forearm - anatomy & histology; Forearm - physiology; functional anatomy; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Middle Aged; Monoclonal antibodies; Morphology; Muscle contraction; muscle fiber typing; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal - metabolism; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal - physiology; muscle function; muscle morphology; Muscle, Skeletal - anatomy & histology; Muscle, Skeletal - metabolism; Muscle, Skeletal - physiology; Muscles; Myosin; myosin heavy chain; Myosin Heavy Chains - metabolism; Original Paper; Original Papers; palmaris longus; Paralysis; Tendons; Tendons - anatomy & histology; Tendons - metabolism; Tendons - physiology
• ISSN: 0021-8782; 1469-7580
• DOI: 10.1111/joa.13289

The palmaris longus (PL) tendon is used in surgical opponensplasty to restore functional hand movements in thenar paralysis. Although successful PL autologous tendon transfer has been attributed to an established synergistic relationship between the PL and abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles in vivo, this functional relationship may be dependent on the quality of their spatial relationship and properties of their constituent muscle fibers. The purpose was to compare the proportion of type I and type II muscle fibers in the APB based on its contiguous morphological relationship with the PL tendon for indirect insight into their functional synergy, contractile capacity, and digastric arrangement. Twenty‐four contiguous PL and APB specimens were harvested from the upper limbs (12 right and 12 left) of twelve formalin‐embalmed cadavers (mean age: 74 ± 10 years). The fiber type composition of these muscles was determined by labeling serial cross sections with myosin heavy chain (MyHC) type I and type II monoclonal antibodies. The PL consisted of a relatively heterogeneous fiber type composition irrespective of the presence of a discrete (type I: 41 ± 11%; type II: 55 ± 12%; hybrid: 4 ± 3%) or rudimentary (type I: 49 ± 10%; type II: 45 ± 9%; hybrid: 6 ± 4%) tendinous connection with the APB. The APB fascicles arranged contiguously with the PL through a discrete tendon had significantly greater proportions of type II fibers (41 ± 19%) compared to those with rudimentary PL connections (type II: 15 ± 8%). Therefore, the APB fascicles arranged in a digastric relationship with the PL may have the capacity to produce more powerful contractions than those with rudimentary PL tendons based on the known contractile properties of type II muscle fibers. Knowledge of the spatial relationship between the PL and thenar musculature prior to PL autologous tendon transfer may be a useful indicator of the quality of established synergy in vivo. The major finding of this study suggests that the abductor pollicis brevis consists of significantly greater type II muscle fibers when arranged contiguously with the palmaris longus tendon. This study supports evidence of the palmaris longus and abductor pollicis brevis acting as a functional digastric unit capable of enhancing thenar muscle actions.