Evaluation of the Stress–Growth Hypothesis in Saphenous Vein Perfusion Culture

• Published in: Annals of biomedical engineering 2021-01, Vol.49 (1), p.487-501
• Main Authors: Prim, David A., Lane, Brooks A., Ferruzzi, Jacopo, Shazly, Tarek, Eberth, John F.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adaptation; Animals; Apoptosis; Axial stress; Biochemistry; Biological and Medical Physics; Biomechanical Phenomena; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering; Biomedicine; Biophysics; Bioreactors; Blood vessels; Circumferences; Classical Mechanics; Constitutive models; Coronary artery; Coronary Artery Bypass; Failure rates; Female; Graft rejection; Grafting; Grafts; Heart surgery; Hemodynamics; Histology; Hyperplasia; Hypotheses; Inflammation; Isotropy; Mechanical properties; Mechanical tests; Original Article; Perfusion; Saphenous Vein - growth & development; Saphenous Vein - physiology; Stiffening; Stiffness; Stress, Mechanical; Swine; Thickening; Tissue Culture Techniques; Veins; Veins & arteries
• ISSN: 0090-6964; 1573-9686
• DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02582-1

The great saphenous vein (GSV) has served as a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) conduit for over 50 years. Despite prevalent use, first-year failure rates remain high compared to arterial autograft options. Amongst other factors, vein graft failure can be attributed to material and mechanical mismatching that lead to apoptosis, inflammation, and intimal-medial hyperplasia. Through the implementation of the continuum mechanical-based theory of “stress-mediated growth and remodeling,” we hypothesize that the mechanical properties of porcine GSV grafts can be favorably tuned for CABG applications prior to implantation using a prolonged but gradual transition from venous to arterial loading conditions in an inflammatory and thrombogenic deficient environment. To test this hypothesis, we used a hemodynamic-mimetic perfusion bioreactor to guide remodeling through stepwise incremental changes in pressure and flow over the course of 21-day cultures. Biaxial mechanical testing of vessels pre- and post-remodeling was performed, with results fit to structurally-motivated constitutive models using non-parametric bootstrapping. The theory of “small-on-large” was used to describe appropriate stiffness moduli, while histology and viability assays confirmed microstructural adaptations and vessel viability. Results suggest that stepwise transition from venous-to-arterial conditions results in a partial restoration of circumferential stretch and circumferential, but not axial, stress through vessel dilation and wall thickening in a primarily outward remodeling process. These remodeled tissues also exhibited decreased mechanical isotropy and circumferential, but not axial, stiffening. In contrast, only increases in axial stiffness were observed using culture under venous perfusion conditions and those tissues experienced moderate intimal resorption.