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The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19
Background COVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Among the many extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, recent evidence suggested a possible occurrence of thyroid dysfunction. Purpose The Aim of the present review is to summarize available studies regarding thyroid function alterations in patien...
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| Published in: | Journal of endocrinological investigation 2021-05, Vol.44 (5), p.891-904 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| cites | cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c523t-6b2a0d98128cfd5a27ba9b2b8db3f420de468c960a401e47ecc66459e0f668e3 |
| container_end_page | 904 |
| container_issue | 5 |
| container_start_page | 891 |
| container_title | Journal of endocrinological investigation |
| container_volume | 44 |
| creator | Croce, L. Gangemi, D. Ancona, G. Liboà, F. Bendotti, G. Minelli, L. Chiovato, L. |
| description | Background
COVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Among the many extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, recent evidence suggested a possible occurrence of thyroid dysfunction.
Purpose
The Aim of the present review is to summarize available studies regarding thyroid function alterations in patients with COVID-19 and to overview the possible physio-pathological explanations.
Conclusions
The repercussions of the thyroid of COVID-19 seem to be related, in part, with the occurrence of a “cytokine storm” that would, in turn, induce a “non-thyroidal illness”. Some specific cytokines and chemokines appear to have a direct role on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis. On the other hand, some authors have observed an increased incidence of a destructive thyroiditis, either subacute or painless, in patients with COVID-19. The hypothesis of a direct infection of the thyroid by SARS-Cov-2 stems from the observation that its receptor, ACE2, is strongly expressed in thyroid tissue. Lastly, it is highly probable that some pharmaceutical agents largely used for the treatment of COVID-19 can act as confounding factors in the laboratory evaluation of thyroid function parameters. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40618-021-01506-7 |
| format | article |
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COVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Among the many extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, recent evidence suggested a possible occurrence of thyroid dysfunction.
Purpose
The Aim of the present review is to summarize available studies regarding thyroid function alterations in patients with COVID-19 and to overview the possible physio-pathological explanations.
Conclusions
The repercussions of the thyroid of COVID-19 seem to be related, in part, with the occurrence of a “cytokine storm” that would, in turn, induce a “non-thyroidal illness”. Some specific cytokines and chemokines appear to have a direct role on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis. On the other hand, some authors have observed an increased incidence of a destructive thyroiditis, either subacute or painless, in patients with COVID-19. The hypothesis of a direct infection of the thyroid by SARS-Cov-2 stems from the observation that its receptor, ACE2, is strongly expressed in thyroid tissue. Lastly, it is highly probable that some pharmaceutical agents largely used for the treatment of COVID-19 can act as confounding factors in the laboratory evaluation of thyroid function parameters.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1720-8386</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0391-4097</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1720-8386</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40618-021-01506-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33559848</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>ACE2 ; Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ; Antiviral Agents - adverse effects ; Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use ; Chemokines ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - complications ; COVID-19 - drug therapy ; COVID-19 - metabolism ; Cytokine Release Syndrome - etiology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome - metabolism ; Cytokine storm ; Cytokines - blood ; Endocrinology ; Humans ; Hypothalamus ; Internal Medicine ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Metabolic Diseases ; Pandemics ; Pituitary ; Review ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Thyroid ; Thyroid gland ; Thyroid Hormones - metabolism ; Thyroiditis ; Thyroiditis - etiology</subject><ispartof>Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2021-05, Vol.44 (5), p.891-904</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c523t-6b2a0d98128cfd5a27ba9b2b8db3f420de468c960a401e47ecc66459e0f668e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c523t-6b2a0d98128cfd5a27ba9b2b8db3f420de468c960a401e47ecc66459e0f668e3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-9279-9424</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33559848$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Croce, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gangemi, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ancona, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liboà, F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bendotti, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minelli, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chiovato, L.</creatorcontrib><title>The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19</title><title>Journal of endocrinological investigation</title><addtitle>J Endocrinol Invest</addtitle><addtitle>J Endocrinol Invest</addtitle><description>Background
COVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Among the many extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, recent evidence suggested a possible occurrence of thyroid dysfunction.
Purpose
The Aim of the present review is to summarize available studies regarding thyroid function alterations in patients with COVID-19 and to overview the possible physio-pathological explanations.
Conclusions
The repercussions of the thyroid of COVID-19 seem to be related, in part, with the occurrence of a “cytokine storm” that would, in turn, induce a “non-thyroidal illness”. Some specific cytokines and chemokines appear to have a direct role on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis. On the other hand, some authors have observed an increased incidence of a destructive thyroiditis, either subacute or painless, in patients with COVID-19. The hypothesis of a direct infection of the thyroid by SARS-Cov-2 stems from the observation that its receptor, ACE2, is strongly expressed in thyroid tissue. Lastly, it is highly probable that some pharmaceutical agents largely used for the treatment of COVID-19 can act as confounding factors in the laboratory evaluation of thyroid function parameters.</description><subject>ACE2</subject><subject>Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - adverse effects</subject><subject>Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Chemokines</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - complications</subject><subject>COVID-19 - drug therapy</subject><subject>COVID-19 - metabolism</subject><subject>Cytokine Release Syndrome - etiology</subject><subject>Cytokine Release Syndrome - metabolism</subject><subject>Cytokine storm</subject><subject>Cytokines - blood</subject><subject>Endocrinology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hypothalamus</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Metabolic Diseases</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Pituitary</subject><subject>Review</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Thyroid</subject><subject>Thyroid gland</subject><subject>Thyroid Hormones - metabolism</subject><subject>Thyroiditis</subject><subject>Thyroiditis - etiology</subject><issn>1720-8386</issn><issn>0391-4097</issn><issn>1720-8386</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kMtOwzAQRS0EoqXwAyxQJNaBsR0_wgIJlVelSt1UbC3HcZqUNi52itS_x9ACZcNqRnPv3BkdhM4xXGEAcR0y4FimQHAKmAFPxQHqY0EglVTyw72-h05CmANQQaU4Rj1KGctlJvvoZlrbxGw699q0Ngmd88tEt2XS1RvvmjKp48BFxdS6ndmQNG0ynLyM7lOcn6KjSi-CPdvVAZo-PkyHz-l48jQa3o1TwwjtUl4QDWUuMZGmKpkmotB5QQpZFrTKCJQ249LkHHQG2GbCGsN5xnILFefS0gG63cau1sXSlsa2ndcLtfLNUvuNcrpRf5W2qdXMvSshBWaExIDLXYB3b2sbOjV3a9_GlxVhmJKccsaji2xdxrsQvK1-LmBQn7jVFreKuNUXbiXi0sX-bz8r33yjgW4NIUoRoP-9_U_sB1i7imw</recordid><startdate>20210501</startdate><enddate>20210501</enddate><creator>Croce, L.</creator><creator>Gangemi, D.</creator><creator>Ancona, G.</creator><creator>Liboà, F.</creator><creator>Bendotti, G.</creator><creator>Minelli, L.</creator><creator>Chiovato, L.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9279-9424</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210501</creationdate><title>The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19</title><author>Croce, L. ; Gangemi, D. ; Ancona, G. ; Liboà, F. ; Bendotti, G. ; Minelli, L. ; Chiovato, L.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c523t-6b2a0d98128cfd5a27ba9b2b8db3f420de468c960a401e47ecc66459e0f668e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>ACE2</topic><topic>Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - adverse effects</topic><topic>Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Chemokines</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - complications</topic><topic>COVID-19 - drug therapy</topic><topic>COVID-19 - metabolism</topic><topic>Cytokine Release Syndrome - etiology</topic><topic>Cytokine Release Syndrome - metabolism</topic><topic>Cytokine storm</topic><topic>Cytokines - blood</topic><topic>Endocrinology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hypothalamus</topic><topic>Internal Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Metabolic Diseases</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Pituitary</topic><topic>Review</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Thyroid</topic><topic>Thyroid gland</topic><topic>Thyroid Hormones - metabolism</topic><topic>Thyroiditis</topic><topic>Thyroiditis - etiology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Croce, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gangemi, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ancona, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liboà, F.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bendotti, G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minelli, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chiovato, L.</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of endocrinological investigation</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Croce, L.</au><au>Gangemi, D.</au><au>Ancona, G.</au><au>Liboà, F.</au><au>Bendotti, G.</au><au>Minelli, L.</au><au>Chiovato, L.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19</atitle><jtitle>Journal of endocrinological investigation</jtitle><stitle>J Endocrinol Invest</stitle><addtitle>J Endocrinol Invest</addtitle><date>2021-05-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>44</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>891</spage><epage>904</epage><pages>891-904</pages><issn>1720-8386</issn><issn>0391-4097</issn><eissn>1720-8386</eissn><abstract>Background
COVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Among the many extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, recent evidence suggested a possible occurrence of thyroid dysfunction.
Purpose
The Aim of the present review is to summarize available studies regarding thyroid function alterations in patients with COVID-19 and to overview the possible physio-pathological explanations.
Conclusions
The repercussions of the thyroid of COVID-19 seem to be related, in part, with the occurrence of a “cytokine storm” that would, in turn, induce a “non-thyroidal illness”. Some specific cytokines and chemokines appear to have a direct role on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis. On the other hand, some authors have observed an increased incidence of a destructive thyroiditis, either subacute or painless, in patients with COVID-19. The hypothesis of a direct infection of the thyroid by SARS-Cov-2 stems from the observation that its receptor, ACE2, is strongly expressed in thyroid tissue. Lastly, it is highly probable that some pharmaceutical agents largely used for the treatment of COVID-19 can act as confounding factors in the laboratory evaluation of thyroid function parameters.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>33559848</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40618-021-01506-7</doi><tpages>14</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9279-9424</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | Springer Nature:Jisc Collections:Springer Nature Read and Publish 2023-2025: Springer Reading List |
| subjects | ACE2 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Antiviral Agents - adverse effects Antiviral Agents - therapeutic use Chemokines Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - complications COVID-19 - drug therapy COVID-19 - metabolism Cytokine Release Syndrome - etiology Cytokine Release Syndrome - metabolism Cytokine storm Cytokines - blood Endocrinology Humans Hypothalamus Internal Medicine Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic Diseases Pandemics Pituitary Review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Thyroid Thyroid gland Thyroid Hormones - metabolism Thyroiditis Thyroiditis - etiology |
| title | The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19 |
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