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Excess Deaths Among Blacks and Latinx Compared to Whites During Covid-19
Importance Blacks and Latinx are disproportionately affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and experience higher mortality rates than Whites and Asians in the USA. Such racial disparities, in Covid-19 testing, cases, and mortality are visible in Connecticut too. Recently, excess deaths have...
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| Published in: | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities 2021-06, Vol.8 (3), p.783-789 |
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| container_issue | 3 |
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| container_title | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities |
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| creator | Laurencin, Cato T. Wu, Z Helen McClinton, Aneesah Grady, James J. Walker, Joanne M. |
| description | Importance
Blacks and Latinx are disproportionately affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and experience higher mortality rates than Whites and Asians in the USA. Such racial disparities, in Covid-19 testing, cases, and mortality are visible in Connecticut too. Recently, excess deaths have become an important consideration in news reports and academic research. However, data on racial differences in excess death is limited.
Objective
This study examines racial/ethnic differences in excess deaths in the state of Connecticut during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Design
This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study to estimate excess deaths by racial/ethnic status utilizing mortality data during the peak months of Covid-19 infections from March 1 to June 30, 2020, in Connecticut. The following assumption is applied: expected non-Covid-19 deaths from March 1 to June 30, 2020, are equal to the number of deaths occurring during the period of March 1 to June 30, 2019. Race/ethnicity are defined as Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Latinx. Descriptive statistics and rates with 95% confidence intervals are presented. Chi-square analyses are performed where applicable.
Setting
Connecticut
Participants
All deaths in Connecticut from March 1 to June 30, 2020.
Exposure
Covid-19 and race/ethnicity
Results
From March 1 to June 30, 2020, a total of 14,226 all-cause deaths occurred including 1514 Blacks (10.6%), 1095 Latinx (7.7%), and 11,617 Whites (81.7%). This represented a 74% increase in mortality for Blacks; 63% for Latinx, and 30% for Whites. In addition, 42.70% of the deaths in Blacks were attributed to Covid-19; 38.5% for Latinx, and 23.0% for Whites (
p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40615-021-01010-x |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7983962</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2504352437</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-fcac507c0153f5c7cdb0016bded4e50387fb953fce6d542d3ae4da3b04a84b2a3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kUtLxDAUhYMoKqN_wIUU3LiJ5tm0G0HH8QEDbhSXIU1Sp9o2Y9IO478383B8LCSLBO53Tu69B4AjjM4wQuI8MJRiDhHBEOF44HwL7BOcpzDLqNhevgWkIid74DCEV4QQJpznNN0Fe5QKjlnG9sHdaK5tCMm1Vd0kJJeNa1-Sq1rpt5Co1iRj1VXtPBm6Zqq8NUnnkudJ1dmo6H0V2aGbVQbi_ADslKoO9nB9D8DTzehxeAfHD7f3w8sx1EywDpZaaY6ERpjTkmuhTREbSwtjDbMc0UyURR5L2qaGM2KosswoWiCmMlYQRQfgYuU77YvGGm3bzqtaTn3VKP8hnark70pbTeSLm0mRZzRPSTQ4XRt4997b0MmmCtrWtWqt64MkHDHKCaMioid_0FfX-zaOJ0ked0h4mqFIkRWlvQvB23LTDEZykZVcZSVjVnKZlZxH0fHPMTaSr2QiQFdAmC72bP333__YfgLv_58q</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2933725680</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Excess Deaths Among Blacks and Latinx Compared to Whites During Covid-19</title><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><source>Springer Nature</source><source>Social Science Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</source><source>Sociology Collection</source><creator>Laurencin, Cato T. ; Wu, Z Helen ; McClinton, Aneesah ; Grady, James J. ; Walker, Joanne M.</creator><creatorcontrib>Laurencin, Cato T. ; Wu, Z Helen ; McClinton, Aneesah ; Grady, James J. ; Walker, Joanne M.</creatorcontrib><description>Importance
Blacks and Latinx are disproportionately affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and experience higher mortality rates than Whites and Asians in the USA. Such racial disparities, in Covid-19 testing, cases, and mortality are visible in Connecticut too. Recently, excess deaths have become an important consideration in news reports and academic research. However, data on racial differences in excess death is limited.
Objective
This study examines racial/ethnic differences in excess deaths in the state of Connecticut during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Design
This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study to estimate excess deaths by racial/ethnic status utilizing mortality data during the peak months of Covid-19 infections from March 1 to June 30, 2020, in Connecticut. The following assumption is applied: expected non-Covid-19 deaths from March 1 to June 30, 2020, are equal to the number of deaths occurring during the period of March 1 to June 30, 2019. Race/ethnicity are defined as Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Latinx. Descriptive statistics and rates with 95% confidence intervals are presented. Chi-square analyses are performed where applicable.
Setting
Connecticut
Participants
All deaths in Connecticut from March 1 to June 30, 2020.
Exposure
Covid-19 and race/ethnicity
Results
From March 1 to June 30, 2020, a total of 14,226 all-cause deaths occurred including 1514 Blacks (10.6%), 1095 Latinx (7.7%), and 11,617 Whites (81.7%). This represented a 74% increase in mortality for Blacks; 63% for Latinx, and 30% for Whites. In addition, 42.70% of the deaths in Blacks were attributed to Covid-19; 38.5% for Latinx, and 23.0% for Whites (
p
<0.001). Covid-19 deaths accounted for over 90% of the excess deaths in Blacks and Hispanics. In contrast, in Whites, Covid-19 deaths exceeded the number of excess deaths by 353 cases (113.2%), indicating that some Whites may have died from other underlined health conditions with a positive Covid-19 diagnosis. Furthermore, there was an increase in undetermined deaths in 2020, which accounted for 10.8% of deaths in Blacks, 13% in Latinx, and 6.2% of deaths in Whites.
Conclusions and Relevance
Excess deaths in Blacks and Latinx were found above the numbers of deaths determined to have occurred due to Covid-19. The fact that a large number of undetermined deaths were found for Blacks and Latinx individuals, and testing rates for Blacks and Latinx individuals (as determined by positivity rates) were lacking during this period strongly suggests, these excess deaths were Covid-19-related deaths.
The study findings indicate that Black and Latinx COVID-19-related deaths may be underreported in this pandemic. We advocate for targeted strategies that increase testing capacity, treatment, and vaccine availability in Black and Latinx communities.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2197-3792</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2196-8837</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-01010-x</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33751484</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>African Americans - statistics & numerical data ; Black people ; Connecticut - epidemiology ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - ethnology ; COVID-19 - mortality ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Epidemiology ; Ethnic differences ; Ethnicity ; Fatalities ; Health Status Disparities ; Hispanic Americans ; Hispanic or Latino - statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Infections ; Medical diagnosis ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Minority & ethnic groups ; Mortality ; Mortality - ethnology ; Mortality rates ; News ; Pandemics ; Public health ; Quality of Life Research ; Race ; Race factors ; Racial differences ; Racial inequality ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Social Inequality ; Social Structure ; Tests ; Viral diseases ; White people ; Whites - statistics & numerical data</subject><ispartof>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2021-06, Vol.8 (3), p.783-789</ispartof><rights>W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute 2021</rights><rights>W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-fcac507c0153f5c7cdb0016bded4e50387fb953fce6d542d3ae4da3b04a84b2a3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-fcac507c0153f5c7cdb0016bded4e50387fb953fce6d542d3ae4da3b04a84b2a3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-6765-3047</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2933725680?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,12846,21394,21395,27924,27925,30999,33611,33612,34530,34531,43733,44115</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33751484$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Laurencin, Cato T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Z Helen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McClinton, Aneesah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grady, James J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walker, Joanne M.</creatorcontrib><title>Excess Deaths Among Blacks and Latinx Compared to Whites During Covid-19</title><title>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</title><addtitle>J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities</addtitle><addtitle>J Racial Ethn Health Disparities</addtitle><description>Importance
Blacks and Latinx are disproportionately affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and experience higher mortality rates than Whites and Asians in the USA. Such racial disparities, in Covid-19 testing, cases, and mortality are visible in Connecticut too. Recently, excess deaths have become an important consideration in news reports and academic research. However, data on racial differences in excess death is limited.
Objective
This study examines racial/ethnic differences in excess deaths in the state of Connecticut during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Design
This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study to estimate excess deaths by racial/ethnic status utilizing mortality data during the peak months of Covid-19 infections from March 1 to June 30, 2020, in Connecticut. The following assumption is applied: expected non-Covid-19 deaths from March 1 to June 30, 2020, are equal to the number of deaths occurring during the period of March 1 to June 30, 2019. Race/ethnicity are defined as Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Latinx. Descriptive statistics and rates with 95% confidence intervals are presented. Chi-square analyses are performed where applicable.
Setting
Connecticut
Participants
All deaths in Connecticut from March 1 to June 30, 2020.
Exposure
Covid-19 and race/ethnicity
Results
From March 1 to June 30, 2020, a total of 14,226 all-cause deaths occurred including 1514 Blacks (10.6%), 1095 Latinx (7.7%), and 11,617 Whites (81.7%). This represented a 74% increase in mortality for Blacks; 63% for Latinx, and 30% for Whites. In addition, 42.70% of the deaths in Blacks were attributed to Covid-19; 38.5% for Latinx, and 23.0% for Whites (
p
<0.001). Covid-19 deaths accounted for over 90% of the excess deaths in Blacks and Hispanics. In contrast, in Whites, Covid-19 deaths exceeded the number of excess deaths by 353 cases (113.2%), indicating that some Whites may have died from other underlined health conditions with a positive Covid-19 diagnosis. Furthermore, there was an increase in undetermined deaths in 2020, which accounted for 10.8% of deaths in Blacks, 13% in Latinx, and 6.2% of deaths in Whites.
Conclusions and Relevance
Excess deaths in Blacks and Latinx were found above the numbers of deaths determined to have occurred due to Covid-19. The fact that a large number of undetermined deaths were found for Blacks and Latinx individuals, and testing rates for Blacks and Latinx individuals (as determined by positivity rates) were lacking during this period strongly suggests, these excess deaths were Covid-19-related deaths.
The study findings indicate that Black and Latinx COVID-19-related deaths may be underreported in this pandemic. We advocate for targeted strategies that increase testing capacity, treatment, and vaccine availability in Black and Latinx communities.</description><subject>African Americans - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Black people</subject><subject>Connecticut - epidemiology</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - ethnology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - mortality</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Ethnic differences</subject><subject>Ethnicity</subject><subject>Fatalities</subject><subject>Health Status Disparities</subject><subject>Hispanic Americans</subject><subject>Hispanic or Latino - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Medical diagnosis</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Minority & ethnic groups</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Mortality - ethnology</subject><subject>Mortality rates</subject><subject>News</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Quality of Life Research</subject><subject>Race</subject><subject>Race factors</subject><subject>Racial differences</subject><subject>Racial inequality</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Social Inequality</subject><subject>Social Structure</subject><subject>Tests</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>White people</subject><subject>Whites - statistics & numerical data</subject><issn>2197-3792</issn><issn>2196-8837</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>ALSLI</sourceid><sourceid>HEHIP</sourceid><sourceid>M2S</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUtLxDAUhYMoKqN_wIUU3LiJ5tm0G0HH8QEDbhSXIU1Sp9o2Y9IO478383B8LCSLBO53Tu69B4AjjM4wQuI8MJRiDhHBEOF44HwL7BOcpzDLqNhevgWkIid74DCEV4QQJpznNN0Fe5QKjlnG9sHdaK5tCMm1Vd0kJJeNa1-Sq1rpt5Co1iRj1VXtPBm6Zqq8NUnnkudJ1dmo6H0V2aGbVQbi_ADslKoO9nB9D8DTzehxeAfHD7f3w8sx1EywDpZaaY6ERpjTkmuhTREbSwtjDbMc0UyURR5L2qaGM2KosswoWiCmMlYQRQfgYuU77YvGGm3bzqtaTn3VKP8hnark70pbTeSLm0mRZzRPSTQ4XRt4997b0MmmCtrWtWqt64MkHDHKCaMioid_0FfX-zaOJ0ked0h4mqFIkRWlvQvB23LTDEZykZVcZSVjVnKZlZxH0fHPMTaSr2QiQFdAmC72bP333__YfgLv_58q</recordid><startdate>20210601</startdate><enddate>20210601</enddate><creator>Laurencin, Cato T.</creator><creator>Wu, Z Helen</creator><creator>McClinton, Aneesah</creator><creator>Grady, James J.</creator><creator>Walker, Joanne M.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>HEHIP</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LD-</scope><scope>LD.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M2S</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>QXPDG</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-3047</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20210601</creationdate><title>Excess Deaths Among Blacks and Latinx Compared to Whites During Covid-19</title><author>Laurencin, Cato T. ; Wu, Z Helen ; McClinton, Aneesah ; Grady, James J. ; Walker, Joanne M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-fcac507c0153f5c7cdb0016bded4e50387fb953fce6d542d3ae4da3b04a84b2a3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>African Americans - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Black people</topic><topic>Connecticut - epidemiology</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - ethnology</topic><topic>COVID-19 - mortality</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Ethnic differences</topic><topic>Ethnicity</topic><topic>Fatalities</topic><topic>Health Status Disparities</topic><topic>Hispanic Americans</topic><topic>Hispanic or Latino - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Medical diagnosis</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Minority & ethnic groups</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Mortality - ethnology</topic><topic>Mortality rates</topic><topic>News</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Quality of Life Research</topic><topic>Race</topic><topic>Race factors</topic><topic>Racial differences</topic><topic>Racial inequality</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Social Inequality</topic><topic>Social Structure</topic><topic>Tests</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><topic>White people</topic><topic>Whites - statistics & numerical data</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Laurencin, Cato T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Z Helen</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>McClinton, Aneesah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Grady, James J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Walker, Joanne M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection【Remote access available】</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Sociology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Ethnic NewsWatch</collection><collection>Ethnic NewsWatch (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Sociology Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>Diversity Collection</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Laurencin, Cato T.</au><au>Wu, Z Helen</au><au>McClinton, Aneesah</au><au>Grady, James J.</au><au>Walker, Joanne M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Excess Deaths Among Blacks and Latinx Compared to Whites During Covid-19</atitle><jtitle>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</jtitle><stitle>J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities</stitle><addtitle>J Racial Ethn Health Disparities</addtitle><date>2021-06-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><spage>783</spage><epage>789</epage><pages>783-789</pages><issn>2197-3792</issn><eissn>2196-8837</eissn><abstract>Importance
Blacks and Latinx are disproportionately affected by Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and experience higher mortality rates than Whites and Asians in the USA. Such racial disparities, in Covid-19 testing, cases, and mortality are visible in Connecticut too. Recently, excess deaths have become an important consideration in news reports and academic research. However, data on racial differences in excess death is limited.
Objective
This study examines racial/ethnic differences in excess deaths in the state of Connecticut during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Design
This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study to estimate excess deaths by racial/ethnic status utilizing mortality data during the peak months of Covid-19 infections from March 1 to June 30, 2020, in Connecticut. The following assumption is applied: expected non-Covid-19 deaths from March 1 to June 30, 2020, are equal to the number of deaths occurring during the period of March 1 to June 30, 2019. Race/ethnicity are defined as Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Latinx. Descriptive statistics and rates with 95% confidence intervals are presented. Chi-square analyses are performed where applicable.
Setting
Connecticut
Participants
All deaths in Connecticut from March 1 to June 30, 2020.
Exposure
Covid-19 and race/ethnicity
Results
From March 1 to June 30, 2020, a total of 14,226 all-cause deaths occurred including 1514 Blacks (10.6%), 1095 Latinx (7.7%), and 11,617 Whites (81.7%). This represented a 74% increase in mortality for Blacks; 63% for Latinx, and 30% for Whites. In addition, 42.70% of the deaths in Blacks were attributed to Covid-19; 38.5% for Latinx, and 23.0% for Whites (
p
<0.001). Covid-19 deaths accounted for over 90% of the excess deaths in Blacks and Hispanics. In contrast, in Whites, Covid-19 deaths exceeded the number of excess deaths by 353 cases (113.2%), indicating that some Whites may have died from other underlined health conditions with a positive Covid-19 diagnosis. Furthermore, there was an increase in undetermined deaths in 2020, which accounted for 10.8% of deaths in Blacks, 13% in Latinx, and 6.2% of deaths in Whites.
Conclusions and Relevance
Excess deaths in Blacks and Latinx were found above the numbers of deaths determined to have occurred due to Covid-19. The fact that a large number of undetermined deaths were found for Blacks and Latinx individuals, and testing rates for Blacks and Latinx individuals (as determined by positivity rates) were lacking during this period strongly suggests, these excess deaths were Covid-19-related deaths.
The study findings indicate that Black and Latinx COVID-19-related deaths may be underreported in this pandemic. We advocate for targeted strategies that increase testing capacity, treatment, and vaccine availability in Black and Latinx communities.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>33751484</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40615-021-01010-x</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6765-3047</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 2197-3792 |
| ispartof | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2021-06, Vol.8 (3), p.783-789 |
| issn | 2197-3792 2196-8837 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7983962 |
| source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); Springer Nature; Social Science Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3); Sociology Collection |
| subjects | African Americans - statistics & numerical data Black people Connecticut - epidemiology Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - ethnology COVID-19 - mortality Cross-Sectional Studies Epidemiology Ethnic differences Ethnicity Fatalities Health Status Disparities Hispanic Americans Hispanic or Latino - statistics & numerical data Humans Infections Medical diagnosis Medicine Medicine & Public Health Minority & ethnic groups Mortality Mortality - ethnology Mortality rates News Pandemics Public health Quality of Life Research Race Race factors Racial differences Racial inequality Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Social Inequality Social Structure Tests Viral diseases White people Whites - statistics & numerical data |
| title | Excess Deaths Among Blacks and Latinx Compared to Whites During Covid-19 |
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