Post-Translational Modifications of Retroviral HIV-1 Gag Precursors: An Overview of Their Biological Role

• Published in: International journal of molecular sciences 2021-03, Vol.22 (6), p.2871
• Main Authors: Bussienne, Charlotte, Marquet, Roland, Paillart, Jean-Christophe, Bernacchi, Serena
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology; Cell Membrane - metabolism; Cell Membrane - virology; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport - genetics; Eukaryotes; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus - genetics; gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus - metabolism; Gag protein; Genomes; HIV; HIV-1 - genetics; HIV-1 - metabolism; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Life Sciences; Localization; Membranes; Methylation; Microbiology and Parasitology; Myristoylation; Packaging; Peptides; Phosphorylation; Post-translation; Precursors; Protein Precursors - genetics; Protein Precursors - metabolism; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteins; Review; Reviews; RNA, Viral - genetics; RNA, Viral - metabolism; SUMO protein; Translation; Ubiquitination; Virology; Virus Assembly - genetics; Virus Replication - genetics; Viruses
• ISSN: 1422-0067; 1661-6596; 1422-0067
• DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062871

Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) play key roles in eukaryotes since they finely regulate numerous mechanisms used to diversify the protein functions and to modulate their signaling networks. Besides, these chemical modifications also take part in the viral hijacking of the host, and also contribute to the cellular response to viral infections. All domains of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag precursor of 55-kDa (Pr55 ), which is the central actor for viral RNA specific recruitment and genome packaging, are post-translationally modified. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about HIV-1 Pr55 PTMs such as myristoylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, methylation, and ISGylation in order to figure out how these modifications affect the precursor functions and viral replication. Indeed, in HIV-1, PTMs regulate the precursor trafficking between cell compartments and its anchoring at the plasma membrane, where viral assembly occurs. Interestingly, PTMs also allow Pr55 to hijack the cell machinery to achieve viral budding as they drive recognition between viral proteins or cellular components such as the ESCRT machinery. Finally, we will describe and compare PTMs of several other retroviral Gag proteins to give a global overview of their role in the retroviral life cycle.