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Severe vitamin D deficiency is not related to SARS-CoV-2 infection but may increase mortality risk in hospitalized adults: a retrospective case–control study in an Arab Gulf country
Purpose As the world continues to cautiously navigate its way through the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several breakthroughs in therapies and vaccines are currently being developed and scrutinized. Consequently, alternative therapies for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-...
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Published in: | Aging clinical and experimental research 2021-05, Vol.33 (5), p.1415-1422 |
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creator | Alguwaihes, Abdullah M. Sabico, Shaun Hasanato, Rana Al-Sofiani, Mohammed E. Megdad, Maram Albader, Sakhar S. Alsari, Mohammad H. Alelayan, Ali Alyusuf, Ebtihal Y. Alzahrani, Saad H. Al-Daghri, Nasser M. Jammah, Anwar A. |
description | Purpose
As the world continues to cautiously navigate its way through the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several breakthroughs in therapies and vaccines are currently being developed and scrutinized. Consequently, alternative therapies for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevention, such as vitamin D supplementation, while hypothetically promising, require substantial evidence from countries affected by COVID-19. The present retrospective case–control study aims to identify differences in vitamin D status and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients screened for SARS-CoV-2, and determine associations of vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 risk and mortality.
Methods
A total of 222 [SARS-CoV-2 (+)
N
= 150 (97 males; 53 females); SARS-CoV-2 (−)
N
= 72 (38 males, 34 females)] out of 550 hospitalized adult patients screened for SARS-CoV-2 and admitted at King Saud University Medical City-King Khalid University Hospital (KSUMC-KKUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from May–July 2020 were included. Clinical, radiologic and serologic data, including 25(OH)D levels were analyzed.
Results
Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D 60 years and pre-existing conditions (
p
|
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40520-021-01831-0 |
format | article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8009930</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2507724577</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-4a18e542ae9d184e9ca5223cbe0683c747af584f9aef0756697aba41901d15a13</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kstu1DAUhiMEohd4ARbIEhs2ATtxxgkLpNEABakSEgNsrRPnpHVJ7KntjDSs-g48DO_Dk3DClFJYsPHl_N_5fdGfZY8EfyY4V8-j5FXBc16InIu6pPFOdigUlWjT3L21PsiOYrzgXAra3M8OylLVNamH2fc1bjEg29oEo3XsFeuwt8aiMztmI3M-sYADJOxY8my9_LDOV_5zXjDrejTJesfaKbERCHcmIERkow8JBpt2LNj4hers3MeNnWtfyQe6aUjxBQNyToGU2WeLzFDvj6tvxjuqDiymqZtNGTi2DNCyk2nomfETybsH2b0ehogPr-fj7NOb1x9Xb_PT9yfvVsvT3EglUy5B1FjJArDpRC2xMVAVRWla5Iu6NEoq6Kta9g1gz1W1WDQKWpCi4aITFYjyOHu5991M7YidQTocBr0JdoSw0x6s_ltx9lyf-a2uOW-akpPB02uD4C8njEmPNhocBnDop6iLiitVyEopQp_8g174KTh6HlGiEZLAhqhiTxn6uhiwv7mM4HrOhd7nQlMu9K9c6PkWj28_46bldxAIKPdAJMmdYfhz9n9sfwLPOMeq</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2519147729</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Severe vitamin D deficiency is not related to SARS-CoV-2 infection but may increase mortality risk in hospitalized adults: a retrospective case–control study in an Arab Gulf country</title><source>Springer Nature</source><creator>Alguwaihes, Abdullah M. ; Sabico, Shaun ; Hasanato, Rana ; Al-Sofiani, Mohammed E. ; Megdad, Maram ; Albader, Sakhar S. ; Alsari, Mohammad H. ; Alelayan, Ali ; Alyusuf, Ebtihal Y. ; Alzahrani, Saad H. ; Al-Daghri, Nasser M. ; Jammah, Anwar A.</creator><creatorcontrib>Alguwaihes, Abdullah M. ; Sabico, Shaun ; Hasanato, Rana ; Al-Sofiani, Mohammed E. ; Megdad, Maram ; Albader, Sakhar S. ; Alsari, Mohammad H. ; Alelayan, Ali ; Alyusuf, Ebtihal Y. ; Alzahrani, Saad H. ; Al-Daghri, Nasser M. ; Jammah, Anwar A.</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
As the world continues to cautiously navigate its way through the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several breakthroughs in therapies and vaccines are currently being developed and scrutinized. Consequently, alternative therapies for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevention, such as vitamin D supplementation, while hypothetically promising, require substantial evidence from countries affected by COVID-19. The present retrospective case–control study aims to identify differences in vitamin D status and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients screened for SARS-CoV-2, and determine associations of vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 risk and mortality.
Methods
A total of 222 [SARS-CoV-2 (+)
N
= 150 (97 males; 53 females); SARS-CoV-2 (−)
N
= 72 (38 males, 34 females)] out of 550 hospitalized adult patients screened for SARS-CoV-2 and admitted at King Saud University Medical City-King Khalid University Hospital (KSUMC-KKUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from May–July 2020 were included. Clinical, radiologic and serologic data, including 25(OH)D levels were analyzed.
Results
Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l) was present in 75% of all patients. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower among SARS-CoV-2 (+) than SARS-CoV-2 (−) patients after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index (BMI) (35.8 ± 1.5 nmol/l vs. 42.5 ± 3.0 nmol/l;
p
= 0.037). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that significant predictors for SARS-CoV-2 include age > 60 years and pre-existing conditions (
p
< 0.05). Statistically significant predictors for mortality adjusted for covariates include male sex [Odds ratio, OR 3.3 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.2–9.2);
p
= 0.02], chronic kidney disease [OR 3.5 (95% CI 1.4–8.7);
p
= 0.008] and severe 25(OH)D deficiency (< 12.5 nmol/l), but at borderline significance [OR 4.9 (95% CI (0.9–25.8);
p
= 0.06].
Conclusion
In hospital settings, 25(OH)D deficiency is not associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but may increase risk for mortality in severely deficient cases. Clinical trials are warranted to determine whether vitamin D status correction provides protective effects against worse COVID-19 outcomes.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1720-8319</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1594-0667</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1720-8319</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40520-021-01831-0</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33788172</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Arabs ; Case-Control Studies ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; Female ; Geriatrics/Gerontology ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Male ; Males ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Mortality ; Original ; Original Article ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Saudi Arabia ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Vitamin D ; Vitamin D Deficiency ; Vitamin deficiency</subject><ispartof>Aging clinical and experimental research, 2021-05, Vol.33 (5), p.1415-1422</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-4a18e542ae9d184e9ca5223cbe0683c747af584f9aef0756697aba41901d15a13</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-4a18e542ae9d184e9ca5223cbe0683c747af584f9aef0756697aba41901d15a13</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>230,314,780,784,885,27923,27924</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33788172$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Alguwaihes, Abdullah M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sabico, Shaun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hasanato, Rana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Sofiani, Mohammed E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Megdad, Maram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albader, Sakhar S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alsari, Mohammad H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alelayan, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alyusuf, Ebtihal Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alzahrani, Saad H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Daghri, Nasser M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jammah, Anwar A.</creatorcontrib><title>Severe vitamin D deficiency is not related to SARS-CoV-2 infection but may increase mortality risk in hospitalized adults: a retrospective case–control study in an Arab Gulf country</title><title>Aging clinical and experimental research</title><addtitle>Aging Clin Exp Res</addtitle><addtitle>Aging Clin Exp Res</addtitle><description>Purpose
As the world continues to cautiously navigate its way through the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several breakthroughs in therapies and vaccines are currently being developed and scrutinized. Consequently, alternative therapies for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevention, such as vitamin D supplementation, while hypothetically promising, require substantial evidence from countries affected by COVID-19. The present retrospective case–control study aims to identify differences in vitamin D status and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients screened for SARS-CoV-2, and determine associations of vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 risk and mortality.
Methods
A total of 222 [SARS-CoV-2 (+)
N
= 150 (97 males; 53 females); SARS-CoV-2 (−)
N
= 72 (38 males, 34 females)] out of 550 hospitalized adult patients screened for SARS-CoV-2 and admitted at King Saud University Medical City-King Khalid University Hospital (KSUMC-KKUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from May–July 2020 were included. Clinical, radiologic and serologic data, including 25(OH)D levels were analyzed.
Results
Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l) was present in 75% of all patients. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower among SARS-CoV-2 (+) than SARS-CoV-2 (−) patients after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index (BMI) (35.8 ± 1.5 nmol/l vs. 42.5 ± 3.0 nmol/l;
p
= 0.037). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that significant predictors for SARS-CoV-2 include age > 60 years and pre-existing conditions (
p
< 0.05). Statistically significant predictors for mortality adjusted for covariates include male sex [Odds ratio, OR 3.3 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.2–9.2);
p
= 0.02], chronic kidney disease [OR 3.5 (95% CI 1.4–8.7);
p
= 0.008] and severe 25(OH)D deficiency (< 12.5 nmol/l), but at borderline significance [OR 4.9 (95% CI (0.9–25.8);
p
= 0.06].
Conclusion
In hospital settings, 25(OH)D deficiency is not associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but may increase risk for mortality in severely deficient cases. Clinical trials are warranted to determine whether vitamin D status correction provides protective effects against worse COVID-19 outcomes.</description><subject>Arabs</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Geriatrics/Gerontology</subject><subject>Hospitalization</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Males</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Original</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Retrospective Studies</subject><subject>SARS-CoV-2</subject><subject>Saudi Arabia</subject><subject>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</subject><subject>Vitamin D</subject><subject>Vitamin D Deficiency</subject><subject>Vitamin deficiency</subject><issn>1720-8319</issn><issn>1594-0667</issn><issn>1720-8319</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp9kstu1DAUhiMEohd4ARbIEhs2ATtxxgkLpNEABakSEgNsrRPnpHVJ7KntjDSs-g48DO_Dk3DClFJYsPHl_N_5fdGfZY8EfyY4V8-j5FXBc16InIu6pPFOdigUlWjT3L21PsiOYrzgXAra3M8OylLVNamH2fc1bjEg29oEo3XsFeuwt8aiMztmI3M-sYADJOxY8my9_LDOV_5zXjDrejTJesfaKbERCHcmIERkow8JBpt2LNj4hers3MeNnWtfyQe6aUjxBQNyToGU2WeLzFDvj6tvxjuqDiymqZtNGTi2DNCyk2nomfETybsH2b0ehogPr-fj7NOb1x9Xb_PT9yfvVsvT3EglUy5B1FjJArDpRC2xMVAVRWla5Iu6NEoq6Kta9g1gz1W1WDQKWpCi4aITFYjyOHu5991M7YidQTocBr0JdoSw0x6s_ltx9lyf-a2uOW-akpPB02uD4C8njEmPNhocBnDop6iLiitVyEopQp_8g174KTh6HlGiEZLAhqhiTxn6uhiwv7mM4HrOhd7nQlMu9K9c6PkWj28_46bldxAIKPdAJMmdYfhz9n9sfwLPOMeq</recordid><startdate>20210501</startdate><enddate>20210501</enddate><creator>Alguwaihes, Abdullah M.</creator><creator>Sabico, Shaun</creator><creator>Hasanato, Rana</creator><creator>Al-Sofiani, Mohammed E.</creator><creator>Megdad, Maram</creator><creator>Albader, Sakhar S.</creator><creator>Alsari, Mohammad H.</creator><creator>Alelayan, Ali</creator><creator>Alyusuf, Ebtihal Y.</creator><creator>Alzahrani, Saad H.</creator><creator>Al-Daghri, Nasser M.</creator><creator>Jammah, Anwar A.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20210501</creationdate><title>Severe vitamin D deficiency is not related to SARS-CoV-2 infection but may increase mortality risk in hospitalized adults: a retrospective case–control study in an Arab Gulf country</title><author>Alguwaihes, Abdullah M. ; Sabico, Shaun ; Hasanato, Rana ; Al-Sofiani, Mohammed E. ; Megdad, Maram ; Albader, Sakhar S. ; Alsari, Mohammad H. ; Alelayan, Ali ; Alyusuf, Ebtihal Y. ; Alzahrani, Saad H. ; Al-Daghri, Nasser M. ; Jammah, Anwar A.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c474t-4a18e542ae9d184e9ca5223cbe0683c747af584f9aef0756697aba41901d15a13</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Arabs</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Geriatrics/Gerontology</topic><topic>Hospitalization</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Males</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Original</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Retrospective Studies</topic><topic>SARS-CoV-2</topic><topic>Saudi Arabia</topic><topic>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</topic><topic>Vitamin D</topic><topic>Vitamin D Deficiency</topic><topic>Vitamin deficiency</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Alguwaihes, Abdullah M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sabico, Shaun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hasanato, Rana</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Sofiani, Mohammed E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Megdad, Maram</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Albader, Sakhar S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alsari, Mohammad H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alelayan, Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alyusuf, Ebtihal Y.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alzahrani, Saad H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Al-Daghri, Nasser M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jammah, Anwar A.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Aging clinical and experimental research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Alguwaihes, Abdullah M.</au><au>Sabico, Shaun</au><au>Hasanato, Rana</au><au>Al-Sofiani, Mohammed E.</au><au>Megdad, Maram</au><au>Albader, Sakhar S.</au><au>Alsari, Mohammad H.</au><au>Alelayan, Ali</au><au>Alyusuf, Ebtihal Y.</au><au>Alzahrani, Saad H.</au><au>Al-Daghri, Nasser M.</au><au>Jammah, Anwar A.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Severe vitamin D deficiency is not related to SARS-CoV-2 infection but may increase mortality risk in hospitalized adults: a retrospective case–control study in an Arab Gulf country</atitle><jtitle>Aging clinical and experimental research</jtitle><stitle>Aging Clin Exp Res</stitle><addtitle>Aging Clin Exp Res</addtitle><date>2021-05-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>33</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>1415</spage><epage>1422</epage><pages>1415-1422</pages><issn>1720-8319</issn><issn>1594-0667</issn><eissn>1720-8319</eissn><abstract>Purpose
As the world continues to cautiously navigate its way through the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several breakthroughs in therapies and vaccines are currently being developed and scrutinized. Consequently, alternative therapies for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) prevention, such as vitamin D supplementation, while hypothetically promising, require substantial evidence from countries affected by COVID-19. The present retrospective case–control study aims to identify differences in vitamin D status and clinical characteristics of hospitalized patients screened for SARS-CoV-2, and determine associations of vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 risk and mortality.
Methods
A total of 222 [SARS-CoV-2 (+)
N
= 150 (97 males; 53 females); SARS-CoV-2 (−)
N
= 72 (38 males, 34 females)] out of 550 hospitalized adult patients screened for SARS-CoV-2 and admitted at King Saud University Medical City-King Khalid University Hospital (KSUMC-KKUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from May–July 2020 were included. Clinical, radiologic and serologic data, including 25(OH)D levels were analyzed.
Results
Vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D < 50 nmol/l) was present in 75% of all patients. Serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower among SARS-CoV-2 (+) than SARS-CoV-2 (−) patients after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index (BMI) (35.8 ± 1.5 nmol/l vs. 42.5 ± 3.0 nmol/l;
p
= 0.037). Multivariate regression analysis revealed that significant predictors for SARS-CoV-2 include age > 60 years and pre-existing conditions (
p
< 0.05). Statistically significant predictors for mortality adjusted for covariates include male sex [Odds ratio, OR 3.3 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.2–9.2);
p
= 0.02], chronic kidney disease [OR 3.5 (95% CI 1.4–8.7);
p
= 0.008] and severe 25(OH)D deficiency (< 12.5 nmol/l), but at borderline significance [OR 4.9 (95% CI (0.9–25.8);
p
= 0.06].
Conclusion
In hospital settings, 25(OH)D deficiency is not associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but may increase risk for mortality in severely deficient cases. Clinical trials are warranted to determine whether vitamin D status correction provides protective effects against worse COVID-19 outcomes.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>33788172</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40520-021-01831-0</doi><tpages>8</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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language | eng |
recordid | cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8009930 |
source | Springer Nature |
subjects | Arabs Case-Control Studies Coronaviruses COVID-19 Female Geriatrics/Gerontology Hospitalization Humans Male Males Medicine Medicine & Public Health Mortality Original Original Article Retrospective Studies SARS-CoV-2 Saudi Arabia Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Vitamin D Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin deficiency |
title | Severe vitamin D deficiency is not related to SARS-CoV-2 infection but may increase mortality risk in hospitalized adults: a retrospective case–control study in an Arab Gulf country |
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