The Opioid Hydra: Understanding Overdose Mortality Epidemics and Syndemics Across the Rural‐Urban Continuum

The rapid increase of fatal opioid overdoses over the past two decades is a major U.S. public health problem, especially in non‐metropolitan communities. The crisis has transitioned from pharmaceuticals to illicit synthetic opioids and street mixtures, especially in urban areas. Using latent profile...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Rural sociology 2020-09, Vol.85 (3), p.589-622
Main Authors: Peters, David J., Monnat, Shannon M., Hochstetler, Andrew L., Berg, Mark T.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult abuse & neglect
Community
Community Relations
Counties
Crises
Deaths
Drug abuse
Drug overdose
Drugs
Epidemics
Health problems
Heroin
Hopelessness
Membership
Mixtures
Multiculturalism & pluralism
Narcotics
Opioids
Overdose
Overdoses
Prescription drugs
Public health
Rural communities
Rural urban continuum
Substance abuse
Urban areas
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Summary:The rapid increase of fatal opioid overdoses over the past two decades is a major U.S. public health problem, especially in non‐metropolitan communities. The crisis has transitioned from pharmaceuticals to illicit synthetic opioids and street mixtures, especially in urban areas. Using latent profile analysis, we classify n = 3,079 counties into distinct classes using CDC fatal overdose rates for specific opioids in 2002–2004, 2008–2012, and 2014–2016. We identify three distinct epidemics (prescription opioids, heroin, and prescription‐synthetic opioid mixtures) and one syndemic involving all opioids. We find that prescription‐related epidemic counties, whether rural or urban, have been “left behind” the rest of the nation. These communities are less populated and more remote, older and mostly white, have a history of drug abuse, and are former farm and factory communities that have been in decline since the 1990s. Overdoses in these places exemplify the “deaths of despair” narrative. By contrast, heroin and opioid syndemic counties tend to be more urban, connected to interstates, ethnically diverse, and in general more economically secure. The urban opioid crisis follows the path of previous drug epidemics, affecting a disadvantaged subpopulation that has been left behind rather than the entire community. County data on opioid epidemic class membership are provided.
ISSN:0036-0112
1549-0831
DOI:10.1111/ruso.12307