Evolution of Flavylium-Based Color Systems in Plants: What Physical Chemistry Can Tell Us

Anthocyanins are the basis of the color of angiosperms, 3-deoxyanthocyanins and sphagnorubin play the same role in mosses and ferns, and auronidins are responsible for the color in liverworts. In this study, the color system of cyanidin-3- -glucoside (kuromanin) as a representative compound of simpl...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of molecular sciences 2021-04, Vol.22 (8), p.3833
Main Authors: Pina, Fernando, Alejo-Armijo, Alfonso, Clemente, Adelaide, Mendoza, Johan, Seco, André, Basílio, Nuno, Parola, António Jorge
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acids
Algorithms
Angiosperms
Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins - chemistry
Chemical reactions
Color
Equilibrium
Evolution
Ferns
Hydration
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Kinetics
Metals
Models, Chemical
Mosses
Physical chemistry
Pigments, Biological - chemistry
Plants
Thermodynamics
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Summary:Anthocyanins are the basis of the color of angiosperms, 3-deoxyanthocyanins and sphagnorubin play the same role in mosses and ferns, and auronidins are responsible for the color in liverworts. In this study, the color system of cyanidin-3- -glucoside (kuromanin) as a representative compound of simpler anthocyanins was fully characterized by stopped flow. This type of anthocyanin cannot confer significant color to plants without intra- or intermolecular interactions, complexation with metals or supramolecular structures as in The anthocyanin's color system was compared with those of 3-deoxyanthocyanins and riccionidin A, the aglycone of auronidins. The three systems follow the same sequence of chemical reactions, but the respective thermodynamics and kinetics are dramatically different.
ISSN:1422-0067
1661-6596
1422-0067
DOI:10.3390/ijms22083833