Neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 5 among children born preterm: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study

AbstractObjectivesTo describe neurodevelopment at age 5 among children born preterm.DesignPopulation based cohort study, EPIPAGE-2.SettingFrance, 2011.Participants4441 children aged 5½ born at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeksMain outcome measuresSevere/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities, defined...

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Published in:BMJ (Online) 2021-04, Vol.373, p.n741-n741
Main Authors: Pierrat, Véronique, Marchand-Martin, Laetitia, Marret, Stéphane, Arnaud, Catherine, Benhammou, Valérie, Cambonie, Gilles, Debillon, Thierry, Dufourg, Marie-Noëlle, Gire, Catherine, Goffinet, François, Kaminski, Monique, Lapillonne, Alexandre, Morgan, Andrei Scott, Rozé, Jean-Christophe, Twilhaar, Sabrina, Charles, Marie-Aline, Ancel, Pierre-Yves
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Age
Age Factors
Blindness
Case-Control Studies
Cerebral palsy
Child Development
Child, Preschool
Children
Children & youth
Classification
Cohort analysis
Cohort Studies
Coordination
Deafness
Disability
Families & family life
Female
France
Gestational Age
Hearing aids
Hearing loss
Human health and pathology
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Premature
Infant, Premature, Diseases - diagnosis
Infant, Premature, Diseases - epidemiology
Intelligence
Life Sciences
Male
Neurodevelopment
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurodevelopmental Disorders - diagnosis
Neurodevelopmental Disorders - epidemiology
Paralysis
Parental behavior
Parents & parenting
Population studies
Premature birth
Questionnaires
Standard deviation
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container_title BMJ (Online)
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creator Pierrat, Véronique
Marchand-Martin, Laetitia
Marret, Stéphane
Arnaud, Catherine
Benhammou, Valérie
Cambonie, Gilles
Debillon, Thierry
Dufourg, Marie-Noëlle
Gire, Catherine
Goffinet, François
Kaminski, Monique
Lapillonne, Alexandre
Morgan, Andrei Scott
Rozé, Jean-Christophe
Twilhaar, Sabrina
Charles, Marie-Aline
Ancel, Pierre-Yves
description AbstractObjectivesTo describe neurodevelopment at age 5 among children born preterm.DesignPopulation based cohort study, EPIPAGE-2.SettingFrance, 2011.Participants4441 children aged 5½ born at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeksMain outcome measuresSevere/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities, defined as severe/moderate cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) ≥2), or unilateral or bilateral blindness or deafness, or full scale intelligence quotient less than minus two standard deviations (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 4th edition). Mild neurodevelopmental disabilities, defined as mild cerebral palsy (GMFCS-1), or visual disability ≥3.2/10 and
doi_str_mv 10.1136/bmj.n741
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Mild neurodevelopmental disabilities, defined as mild cerebral palsy (GMFCS-1), or visual disability ≥3.2/10 and &lt;5/10, or hearing loss &lt;40 dB, or full scale intelligence quotient (minus two to minus one standard deviation) or developmental coordination disorders (Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition, total score less than or equal to the fifth centile), or behavioural difficulties (strengths and difficulties questionnaire, total score greater than or equal to the 90th centile), school assistance (mainstream class with support or special school), complex developmental interventions, and parents’ concerns about development. The distributions of the scores in contemporary term born children were used as reference. Results are given after multiple imputation as percentages of outcome measures with exact binomial 95% confidence intervals.ResultsAmong 4441 participants, 3083 (69.4%) children were assessed. Rates of severe/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities were 28% (95% confidence interval 23.4% to 32.2%), 19% (16.8% to 20.7%), and 12% (9.2% to 14.0%) and of mild disabilities were 38.5% (33.7% to 43.4%), 36% (33.4% to 38.1%), and 34% (30.2% to 37.4%) at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeks, respectively. Assistance at school was used by 27% (22.9% to 31.7%), 14% (12.1% to 15.9%), and 7% (4.4% to 9.0%) of children at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeks, respectively. About half of the children born at 24-26 weeks (52% (46.4% to 57.3%)) received at least one developmental intervention which decreased to 26% (21.8% to 29.4%) for those born at 32-34 weeks. Behaviour was the concern most commonly reported by parents. Rates of neurodevelopment disabilities increased as gestational age decreased and were higher in families with low socioeconomic status.ConclusionsIn this large cohort of children born preterm, rates of severe/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities remained high in each gestational age group. Proportions of children receiving school assistance or complex developmental interventions might have a significant impact on educational and health organisations. Parental concerns about behaviour warrant attention.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1756-1833</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0959-8138</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1756-1833</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1136/bmj.n741</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33910920</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: BMJ Publishing Group LTD</publisher><subject>Age ; Age Factors ; Blindness ; Case-Control Studies ; Cerebral palsy ; Child Development ; Child, Preschool ; Children ; Children &amp; youth ; Classification ; Cohort analysis ; Cohort Studies ; Coordination ; Deafness ; Disability ; Families &amp; family life ; Female ; France ; Gestational Age ; Hearing aids ; Hearing loss ; Human health and pathology ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Infant, Premature, Diseases - diagnosis ; Infant, Premature, Diseases - epidemiology ; Intelligence ; Life Sciences ; Male ; Neurodevelopment ; Neurodevelopmental disorders ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders - diagnosis ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders - epidemiology ; Paralysis ; Parental behavior ; Parents &amp; parenting ; Population studies ; Premature birth ; Questionnaires ; Standard deviation</subject><ispartof>BMJ (Online), 2021-04, Vol.373, p.n741-n741</ispartof><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.</rights><rights>2021 Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. BMJ This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ . Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>Attribution - NonCommercial</rights><rights>Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ. 2021 BMJ</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-b500t-7a2144429997c25521bc7c6d54448ab47ee8a595ae6512809437d62f17dff4943</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-b500t-7a2144429997c25521bc7c6d54448ab47ee8a595ae6512809437d62f17dff4943</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-1872-4176 ; 0000-0001-7435-5144 ; 0000-0001-9643-0299 ; 0000-0001-9947-270X ; 0000-0001-7912-9883 ; 0000-0002-4002-802X ; 0000-0003-4143-1977 ; 0000-0002-8036-8387 ; 0000-0002-2548-2304 ; 0000-0002-2858-148X ; 0000-0003-3367-512X ; 0000-0001-9632-7494 ; 0000-0002-4209-934X ; 0000-0003-4025-4390 ; 0000-0002-1360-7915 ; 0000-0002-1922-734X ; 0000-0001-6568-0324</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n741.full.pdf$$EPDF$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n741.full$$EHTML$$P50$$Gbmj$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>112,113,230,314,776,780,881,3181,27901,27902,77336,77337</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33910920$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://u-paris.hal.science/hal-03238504$$DView record in HAL$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Pierrat, Véronique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marchand-Martin, Laetitia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marret, Stéphane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arnaud, Catherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benhammou, Valérie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cambonie, Gilles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Debillon, Thierry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dufourg, Marie-Noëlle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gire, Catherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goffinet, François</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaminski, Monique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lapillonne, Alexandre</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morgan, Andrei Scott</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rozé, Jean-Christophe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Twilhaar, Sabrina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Charles, Marie-Aline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ancel, Pierre-Yves</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>EPIPAGE-2 writing group</creatorcontrib><title>Neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 5 among children born preterm: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study</title><title>BMJ (Online)</title><addtitle>BMJ</addtitle><description>AbstractObjectivesTo describe neurodevelopment at age 5 among children born preterm.DesignPopulation based cohort study, EPIPAGE-2.SettingFrance, 2011.Participants4441 children aged 5½ born at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeksMain outcome measuresSevere/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities, defined as severe/moderate cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) ≥2), or unilateral or bilateral blindness or deafness, or full scale intelligence quotient less than minus two standard deviations (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 4th edition). Mild neurodevelopmental disabilities, defined as mild cerebral palsy (GMFCS-1), or visual disability ≥3.2/10 and &lt;5/10, or hearing loss &lt;40 dB, or full scale intelligence quotient (minus two to minus one standard deviation) or developmental coordination disorders (Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition, total score less than or equal to the fifth centile), or behavioural difficulties (strengths and difficulties questionnaire, total score greater than or equal to the 90th centile), school assistance (mainstream class with support or special school), complex developmental interventions, and parents’ concerns about development. The distributions of the scores in contemporary term born children were used as reference. Results are given after multiple imputation as percentages of outcome measures with exact binomial 95% confidence intervals.ResultsAmong 4441 participants, 3083 (69.4%) children were assessed. Rates of severe/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities were 28% (95% confidence interval 23.4% to 32.2%), 19% (16.8% to 20.7%), and 12% (9.2% to 14.0%) and of mild disabilities were 38.5% (33.7% to 43.4%), 36% (33.4% to 38.1%), and 34% (30.2% to 37.4%) at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeks, respectively. Assistance at school was used by 27% (22.9% to 31.7%), 14% (12.1% to 15.9%), and 7% (4.4% to 9.0%) of children at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeks, respectively. About half of the children born at 24-26 weeks (52% (46.4% to 57.3%)) received at least one developmental intervention which decreased to 26% (21.8% to 29.4%) for those born at 32-34 weeks. Behaviour was the concern most commonly reported by parents. Rates of neurodevelopment disabilities increased as gestational age decreased and were higher in families with low socioeconomic status.ConclusionsIn this large cohort of children born preterm, rates of severe/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities remained high in each gestational age group. Proportions of children receiving school assistance or complex developmental interventions might have a significant impact on educational and health organisations. Parental concerns about behaviour warrant attention.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Age Factors</subject><subject>Blindness</subject><subject>Case-Control Studies</subject><subject>Cerebral palsy</subject><subject>Child Development</subject><subject>Child, Preschool</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>Children &amp; youth</subject><subject>Classification</subject><subject>Cohort analysis</subject><subject>Cohort Studies</subject><subject>Coordination</subject><subject>Deafness</subject><subject>Disability</subject><subject>Families &amp; family life</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>France</subject><subject>Gestational Age</subject><subject>Hearing aids</subject><subject>Hearing loss</subject><subject>Human health and pathology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infant, Newborn</subject><subject>Infant, Premature</subject><subject>Infant, Premature, Diseases - diagnosis</subject><subject>Infant, Premature, Diseases - epidemiology</subject><subject>Intelligence</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Neurodevelopment</subject><subject>Neurodevelopmental disorders</subject><subject>Neurodevelopmental Disorders - diagnosis</subject><subject>Neurodevelopmental Disorders - epidemiology</subject><subject>Paralysis</subject><subject>Parental behavior</subject><subject>Parents &amp; 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Marchand-Martin, Laetitia ; Marret, Stéphane ; Arnaud, Catherine ; Benhammou, Valérie ; Cambonie, Gilles ; Debillon, Thierry ; Dufourg, Marie-Noëlle ; Gire, Catherine ; Goffinet, François ; Kaminski, Monique ; Lapillonne, Alexandre ; Morgan, Andrei Scott ; Rozé, Jean-Christophe ; Twilhaar, Sabrina ; Charles, Marie-Aline ; Ancel, Pierre-Yves</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-b500t-7a2144429997c25521bc7c6d54448ab47ee8a595ae6512809437d62f17dff4943</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Age Factors</topic><topic>Blindness</topic><topic>Case-Control Studies</topic><topic>Cerebral palsy</topic><topic>Child Development</topic><topic>Child, Preschool</topic><topic>Children</topic><topic>Children &amp; youth</topic><topic>Classification</topic><topic>Cohort analysis</topic><topic>Cohort Studies</topic><topic>Coordination</topic><topic>Deafness</topic><topic>Disability</topic><topic>Families &amp; family life</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>France</topic><topic>Gestational Age</topic><topic>Hearing aids</topic><topic>Hearing loss</topic><topic>Human health and pathology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infant, Newborn</topic><topic>Infant, Premature</topic><topic>Infant, Premature, Diseases - diagnosis</topic><topic>Infant, Premature, Diseases - epidemiology</topic><topic>Intelligence</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Neurodevelopment</topic><topic>Neurodevelopmental disorders</topic><topic>Neurodevelopmental Disorders - diagnosis</topic><topic>Neurodevelopmental Disorders - epidemiology</topic><topic>Paralysis</topic><topic>Parental behavior</topic><topic>Parents &amp; parenting</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Premature birth</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Standard deviation</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Pierrat, Véronique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marchand-Martin, Laetitia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marret, Stéphane</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Arnaud, Catherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Benhammou, Valérie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cambonie, Gilles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Debillon, Thierry</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dufourg, Marie-Noëlle</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gire, Catherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Goffinet, François</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaminski, Monique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lapillonne, Alexandre</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Morgan, Andrei Scott</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rozé, Jean-Christophe</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Twilhaar, Sabrina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Charles, Marie-Aline</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ancel, Pierre-Yves</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>EPIPAGE-2 writing group</creatorcontrib><collection>BMJ Open Access Journals</collection><collection>BMJ Journals:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>ProQuest Nursing &amp; 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Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest research library</collection><collection>ProQuest Science Journals</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL)</collection><collection>Hyper Article en Ligne (HAL) (Open Access)</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>BMJ (Online)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Pierrat, Véronique</au><au>Marchand-Martin, Laetitia</au><au>Marret, Stéphane</au><au>Arnaud, Catherine</au><au>Benhammou, Valérie</au><au>Cambonie, Gilles</au><au>Debillon, Thierry</au><au>Dufourg, Marie-Noëlle</au><au>Gire, Catherine</au><au>Goffinet, François</au><au>Kaminski, Monique</au><au>Lapillonne, Alexandre</au><au>Morgan, Andrei Scott</au><au>Rozé, Jean-Christophe</au><au>Twilhaar, Sabrina</au><au>Charles, Marie-Aline</au><au>Ancel, Pierre-Yves</au><aucorp>EPIPAGE-2 writing group</aucorp><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 5 among children born preterm: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study</atitle><jtitle>BMJ (Online)</jtitle><addtitle>BMJ</addtitle><date>2021-04-28</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>373</volume><spage>n741</spage><epage>n741</epage><pages>n741-n741</pages><issn>1756-1833</issn><issn>0959-8138</issn><eissn>1756-1833</eissn><abstract>AbstractObjectivesTo describe neurodevelopment at age 5 among children born preterm.DesignPopulation based cohort study, EPIPAGE-2.SettingFrance, 2011.Participants4441 children aged 5½ born at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeksMain outcome measuresSevere/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities, defined as severe/moderate cerebral palsy (Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) ≥2), or unilateral or bilateral blindness or deafness, or full scale intelligence quotient less than minus two standard deviations (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, 4th edition). Mild neurodevelopmental disabilities, defined as mild cerebral palsy (GMFCS-1), or visual disability ≥3.2/10 and &lt;5/10, or hearing loss &lt;40 dB, or full scale intelligence quotient (minus two to minus one standard deviation) or developmental coordination disorders (Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition, total score less than or equal to the fifth centile), or behavioural difficulties (strengths and difficulties questionnaire, total score greater than or equal to the 90th centile), school assistance (mainstream class with support or special school), complex developmental interventions, and parents’ concerns about development. The distributions of the scores in contemporary term born children were used as reference. Results are given after multiple imputation as percentages of outcome measures with exact binomial 95% confidence intervals.ResultsAmong 4441 participants, 3083 (69.4%) children were assessed. Rates of severe/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities were 28% (95% confidence interval 23.4% to 32.2%), 19% (16.8% to 20.7%), and 12% (9.2% to 14.0%) and of mild disabilities were 38.5% (33.7% to 43.4%), 36% (33.4% to 38.1%), and 34% (30.2% to 37.4%) at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeks, respectively. Assistance at school was used by 27% (22.9% to 31.7%), 14% (12.1% to 15.9%), and 7% (4.4% to 9.0%) of children at 24-26, 27-31, and 32-34 weeks, respectively. About half of the children born at 24-26 weeks (52% (46.4% to 57.3%)) received at least one developmental intervention which decreased to 26% (21.8% to 29.4%) for those born at 32-34 weeks. Behaviour was the concern most commonly reported by parents. Rates of neurodevelopment disabilities increased as gestational age decreased and were higher in families with low socioeconomic status.ConclusionsIn this large cohort of children born preterm, rates of severe/moderate neurodevelopmental disabilities remained high in each gestational age group. Proportions of children receiving school assistance or complex developmental interventions might have a significant impact on educational and health organisations. Parental concerns about behaviour warrant attention.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>BMJ Publishing Group LTD</pub><pmid>33910920</pmid><doi>10.1136/bmj.n741</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1872-4176</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7435-5144</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9643-0299</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9947-270X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7912-9883</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4002-802X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4143-1977</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8036-8387</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2548-2304</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2858-148X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3367-512X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9632-7494</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4209-934X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-4390</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1360-7915</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1922-734X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-0324</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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identifier ISSN: 1756-1833
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issn 1756-1833
0959-8138
1756-1833
language eng
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source BMJ Publishing
subjects Age
Age Factors
Blindness
Case-Control Studies
Cerebral palsy
Child Development
Child, Preschool
Children
Children & youth
Classification
Cohort analysis
Cohort Studies
Coordination
Deafness
Disability
Families & family life
Female
France
Gestational Age
Hearing aids
Hearing loss
Human health and pathology
Humans
Infant, Newborn
Infant, Premature
Infant, Premature, Diseases - diagnosis
Infant, Premature, Diseases - epidemiology
Intelligence
Life Sciences
Male
Neurodevelopment
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurodevelopmental Disorders - diagnosis
Neurodevelopmental Disorders - epidemiology
Paralysis
Parental behavior
Parents & parenting
Population studies
Premature birth
Questionnaires
Standard deviation
title Neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 5 among children born preterm: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study
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