Municipal wastewater viral pollution in Saudi Arabia: effect of hot climate on COVID-19 disease spreading

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international 2023-02, Vol.30 (10), p.25050-25057
• Main Authors: Alahdal, Hadil M., Ameen, Fuad, AlYahya, Sami, Sonbol, Hana, Khan, Anas, Alsofayan, Yousef, Alahmari, Ahmed
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Challenges in Managing and Risk Assessment of Emerging Environmental Pollutants; COVID-19 - epidemiology; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Humans; RNA, Viral - isolation & purification; SARS-CoV-2 - isolation & purification; Saudi Arabia - epidemiology; Sewage - virology; Waste Water Technology; Wastewater - virology; Water Management; Water Pollution Control
• ISSN: 1614-7499; 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14809-2

The viral RNA of SARS-Coronavirus-2 is known to be contaminating municipal wastewater. We aimed to assess if COVID-19 disease is spreading through wastewater. We studied the amount of viral RNA in raw sewage and the efficiency of the sewage treatment to remove the virus. Sewage water was collected before and after the activated sludge process three times during summer 2020 from three different sewage treatment plants. The sewage treatment was efficient in removing SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Each sewage treatment plant gathered wastewater from one hospital, of which COVID-19 admissions were used to describe the level of disease occurrence in the area. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA–specific target genes (N1, N2, and E) was confirmed using RT-qPCR analysis. However, hospital admission did not correlate significantly with viral RNA. Moreover, viral RNA loads were relatively low, suggesting that sewage might preserve viral RNA in a hot climate only for a short time.